ENVIRONMENT STATISTICS OF NEPAL 2019 Government of Nepal National Planning Commission Central Bureau of Statistics Thapathali, Kathmandu Nepal Published by Central Bureau of Statistics P.O. Box: 11031 Ramshah Path, Thapathali Kathmandu, Nepal Phone: 4245946, 4245947, 4245948 Fax: 977-1-4227720 E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.cbs.gov.np ISBN: 978-9937-0-5748-6 March, 2019 (700 Copies) Preface Environment is a multi-disciplinary topics directly related to the nature, human being and their activities. Concerns have been growing widely about changing environment and its impact upon the lives of the earth. In fact, areas of most researchers and efforts of most scientists are being concentrated towards environment in one way or the other. Accordingly, priority of the Government of Nepal has also been focused towards environment, be that in the name of “the Climate Change" or "Conservation" or " the quality of life of the people" and committed to combating climate change and achieving sustainable development goals (SDGs). Therefore, Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), in the context of the increasing demand for environment related data, has been attempting to bring out special publication since decades and the present edition "Environment Statistics of Nepal 2019" is the 9th in the series. This is an update to the previous edition and has compiled data based on the classification of the United Nations Framework for the Development of Environment Statistics,2013 (UN FDES,2013) covering topics on environmental conditions and quality, environmental resources and their use, residuals, extreme events and disasters, human settlements and environmental health and environmental protection, management and engagement. I hope that this edition will be useful to planners, policy makers and other users as well. I would like to express my gratitude to the government and non-government agencies for providing valuable data and supports to bring out this publication in its present form. I would like to thank Mr. Nebin Lal Shrestha, Deputy Director General of the Bureau for his overall guidance to bring out this publication. Mr. Sushil Kumar Sharma, Director, Environment Statistics Section deserves special thanks for shouldering the responsibility to accomplish the whole tasks of the compilation and bringing out this publication in time. I would like to thank Mr. Pramod Raj Regmi, Director of the Environment Statistics Section for his contribution. Statistics Officers Mr. Tulasi Prasad Paudel, Mr. Tej Kumar Darlami and Statistics Assistant Mr. Bhim Bahadur Shakha are also thankful for their sincere involvement in the compilation of this publication. Similarly, Practical Action Nepal deserves our special appreciation to providing technical support for this publication. Finally, I would like to request all users to provide any valuable comments and suggestions for improving our publication in future. March, 2019 Suman Raj Aryal Kathmandu, Nepal Director General Central Bureau of Statistics i ii Acronyms and Abbreviations ACA Annapurna Conservation Area ANCA Api- Nampa Conservation Area As Arsenic BOD Biological oxygen demand Ca Calcium CBS Central Bureau of Statistics Cd Cadmium CFC Chlorofluorocarbons cfu Coliform CFUG Community Forest User Group CH4 Methane Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of World Fauna CITES and Flora CO Carbon monoxide CO2 Carbon dioxide COD Chemical oxygen demand CV Coefficient of Variation dBA Decibel A DDT Dichloro diethene tricloroethen DHM Department of Hydrology and Meteorology DO Dissolved oxygen DMG Department of Mines and Geology DWSS Department of Water Supply and Sewerage DWIDM Department of Water Induced Disaster Management EIA Environmental Impact Assessment ft3 Cubic feet GDP Gross Domestic Product GEF Global Environment Facility GHG Greenhouse Gases iii Ha Hectare HC Hydrocarbon HHs Households Hr Hour ICIMOD International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ISIC International Standard of Industrial Classification IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature KCA Kanchanjanga Conservation Area K2O Potassium oxide kg Kilogram KL Kiloliter Km Kilometer Km2 Square kilometer KUKL Kathmandu Upatyaka Khanepani Limited KWh Kilowatt hour L Liter L/d/p Liter / day / person lcd Liter consumption/day LPG Liquefied Petroleum Gas LRMP Land Resource and Mapping Project Lt/min Liter per minute m Meter M Million M2. Square meter M3 Cubic meter m3/ min Cubic meter per minute iv m3/yr Cubic meter per year mg/l Milligram per liter MCA Manaslu Conservation Area mg/m3 Milligrams per cubic meter ml Local magnitude / milliliter mld Million liter/day mm Millimeter MoSTE Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment MoF Ministry of Finance mt. Metric ton N Nitrogen NA Not Available Na Sodium NARC Nepal Agriculture Research Council NAST Nepal Academy of Science and Technology. NCCIS National Climate Change Impact Survey NDHS Nepal Demographic and Health Surveys NGO Non-Governmental Organization NLSS Nepal living standards survey NO2 Nitrogen dioxide NP National Parks NSIC Nepal Standard Industrial Classification NWSC Nepal Water Supply Corporation O3 Ozone ºC Degree Celsius ODS Ozone depleting substance P2O5 Phosphorus pentaoxide pb Lead pH Hydrogen-in concentration PM10 Particulate matter less than 10 microgram (0.07 g/m3) PO3 Phosphate ppb Parts per billion v ppm Parts per million ppt Parts per trillion RETs Renewable Energy Technologies Rs. Rupees SAE Small Area Estimation SEEA System of Environmental Economic Accounting SD Standard Deviation SO2 Sulphur dioxide SO4 Sulphate SOx Oxides of Sulphur SPM Suspended Particulate Matter SPNP Shey-Phoksundo National Park SNP Sagarmatha National Park TDS Total Dissolved Solids TOE Tones of Oil Equivalent TSP Total suspended particulates TSS Total Suspended Solids TYIP Three Year Interim Plan UNEP United Nations Environment Programme UNFDES United Nations Framework for the Development of Environment Statistics UV Ultra Violet WECS Water and Energy Commission Secretariat WHO World Health Organization WP Watt Power WW Waste Water μe's Micro- environments μg/m3 Microgram per cubic meter UNSD United Nations Statistics Division WMO World Meteorological Organization vi Contents Page Preface i Acronyms and Abbreviations ii Chapter I : Introduction 1 II : Environmental Conditions and Quality 7 III : Environmental Resources and their use 57 IV : Residuals 117 V : Extreme Events and Disaster 141 VI : Human Settlement and Environmental Health 153 VII : Environmental Protection, Management and Engagement 173 Annexes I : Basic Set of Environment Statistics 199 II : Glossary 229 List of Tables Table 2.1.1 : Annual Minimum, Maximum and Average Temperature by Stations 9 Table 2.1.2 : Precipitation by District and Station 12 Table 2.1.3: Annual Rainfall by Station (in mm) 13 Table 2.1.4 : Average Rainfall by Altitude 20 Table 2.1.5: Annual Relative Humidity by Stations 20 Table 2.1.6 : Average Wind Speed by Station 24 Table 2.1.7 : Average Sunshine Duration by Station 25 Table 2.1.8 : Number of Lakes in Districts by altitude in Nepal 26 Table 2.1.9: Glaciers and Catchments Areas having Meteorological and Hydrological Stations 28 Table 2.1.10 : Glaciers, Glacial Lakes and Major River Basins 30 Table 2.1.11 : Area of Land made uncultivable due to flooding /Soil Erosion by Ecological Belt Nepal 30 Table 2.1.12 : Estimated Soil Erosion Rate at Selected Sites in Nepal 30 Table 2.1.13 : Affected Land Area from Erosion 31 Table 2.1.14 : Type and Color of Soil by Area of Holdings Nepal 31 Table 2.1.15 : World Heritage Sites of Nepal 31 Table 2.1.16 : Major Mountain Peaks of Nepal 31 Table 2.2.1: Physiographic and Bioclimatic Zones of Nepal 32 Table 2.2.2 : Nepal's Climatic Zones 32 Table 2.2.3 : Land use Pattern by Type, Nepal, 1978/79-2001 32 Table 2.2.4. Number, area and fragmentation of holdings by district 33 Table 2.2.5 : Land use in Nepal, 1961/62 - 2011/12 35 Table 2.2.6 : Estimated coverage by different types of wetlalnds in Nepal 35 Table 2.2.7 : Sediment Yield in Large Watersheds 36 Table 2.2.8 : Sediment Yield in Small Watersheds 36 Table 2.2.9 : Area of Land made uncultivabe due to flooding /Soil Erosion by Ecological Belt Nepal,2001/02 36 Table 2.2.10 : Numbers of Threatened Species by Major Groups of Organisms on the Red List, 1996- 2017 37 Table 2.2.11: Change in numbers of species in the threatened categories for the major taxonomic groups on the Red list, 1996-2017 38 Table2.2.12: Number of Plant and Animal Species in Nepal 39 vii Table 2.2.13 : Number of Wildlife Species in Nepal 39 Table 2.2.14 : Number of Cultivated and Wild Food Plant Species 40 Table 2.2.15 : Endemic Fishes of Nepal 40 Table 2.2.16 : Number and Status of Nepal's Fauna 41 Table 2.2.17 : Protected Faunal Species included in the National Parks and Wildlife Conservation Act,1973 41 Table 2.2.18 : Threatened Species in the SAARC Member Countries (Taxonomic Group) 42 Table 2.2.19 : Vegetation Area by Type and Household Involvement in Community Forest of Nepal 42 Table 2.2.20 : Protected Floral Species in Nepal 43 Table 2.2.21 : Threatened Medicinal and Aromatic plants in Nepal 43 Table 2.2.22 : Ecosystems and Protected Areas in Nepal 44 Table 2.2.23 : National Parks, Wildlife Reserves and Conservation Area of Nepal 45 Table 2.2.24 : Number of Districts with Buffer Zone of Nepal 45 Table 2.2.25 : Changes in status of community forestry in between 2008 and 2018 46 Table 2.2.26 : Major Botanical Garden of Nepal 46 Table 2.2.27 : Central Zoo (Sadar Chidiya Khana) of Nepal 46 Table 2.2.28: Snow leopard potential habitat in protected areas, blocks and landscapes 47 Table 2.2.29: Estimated snow leopard populations in three landscapes in Nepal 47 Table 2.2.30: Potential habitat and population estimation of red panda in Nepal 48 Table 2.2.31: Forest resources and forest areas of Nepal 48 Table 2.2.32 : Ramsar Site of Nepal 49 Table 2.2.33 : Distribution of community forests among the physiographic zones (as of June 2018) 49 Table 2.3.1 (a) :Monthly Average PM2.5 in 2017 at different stations.