Landmarks Preservation Commission June 26, 2012, Designation List 457 LP-2494 THE BOWERY MISSION, 227 Bowery, Manhattan Built: 1876; Architect: William Jose Landmark Site: Borough of Manhattan Tax Map Block 426, Lot 8 in part consisting of the area bounded by a line beginning at the southwest corner of tax map block 426, lot 8, proceeding easterly along the southern property line of said lot for a distance of 114 feet 10 and a half inches, then proceeding northerly along a line forming an angle of 89 degrees 55 minutes 45 seconds on its westerly side with the preceding course a distance of 24 feet, eleven and a quarter inches, then proceeding westerly along the northern property line of tax map block 426, lot 8 a distance of 117 feet, three inches to the northwest corner of tax map block 426, lot 8, then proceeding southerly along the western property line of tax map block 426, lot 8 a distance of 24 feet, 10 inches to the point of beginning. On June 12, 2012, the Landmarks Preservation Commission held a public hearing on the proposed designation as a Landmark of the Bowery Mission (Item No.1). The hearing was duly advertised according to the provisions of law. Five witnesses spoke in favor of the designation, including the president of the Bowery Mission, representatives of the Historic Districts Council, New York Landmarks Conservancy, Victorian Society of New York, and the Bowery Alliance of Neighbors. In addition, the Commission has received letters in support of the designation. No one spoke in opposition of designation. Summary No. 227 Bowery is significant for its 103-year history as the home of the Bowery Mission, a religious-based organization that has fed, housed and cared for countless homeless men on the Lower East Side for more than 130 years. This building is also an important reminder of the Bowery’s history during the 19th century and for its transient population that once stayed at the Bowery’s previously numerous homeless shelters run by missions and cheap lodging houses. No. 227 Bowery was built in 1876 by owner Jonas Stolts, a manufacturer of coffins and undertaker, and designed by William Jose (c.1843-1885), who designed many multiple dwellings in Manhattan, especially on the Lower East Side and in Greenwich Village. 227 Bowery is constructed with red brick and has four bays of windows with incised stone lintels and sills at the third through fifth stories. The ground floor has three arch-headed openings with keystone lintels, a bracketed cornice and stone banding. This neo-Grec style building was altered in 1908-09 by architects Marshall L. Emery (c.1863-1921) and Henry G. Emery (1871-1956) when the Bowery Mission leased the building. Four stained-glass windows surrounded by Tudor Revival style mock half-timbering and a small shed roof covered with clay tiles were installed at the second story. The interior of the second story was also remodeled into a Gothic Revival style chapel at this time. The second-story stained-glass windows depict the Biblical story of the Return of the Prodigal Son and are attributed to Benjamin Sellers (1860-1930). Sellers trained at the Tiffany Studios and designed stained-glass windows for other houses of worship, including Lafayette Presbyterian Church in Brooklyn. The Bowery Mission was established in 1879 on the Bowery and moved from its location at 55 Bowery to 227 Bowery in 1909 when 55 Bowery was demolished for the approach to the Manhattan Bridge. The Bowery Mission is a religious-based organization that provides food, shelter, employment and medical assistance to indigent homeless men. One of the oldest Christian missions still in existence in this country, the Mission became famous for its bread line. Many prominent figures have made appearances at the Mission, including President William Taft, spoke to 600 men in 1909 soon after the organization moved to 227 Bowery. The Bowery Mission also runs a camp for inner city children outside New York City that has been in existence since 1894 and a center for women in Manhattan that opened in 1990. DESCRIPTION AND ANALYSIS The Bowery1 The Bowery is the oldest thoroughfare on Manhattan Island and is part of an old road once-known as the Wickquasgeck Road, since it led to lands of that tribe, and later as the Post Road to Boston. Starting in the city of New Amsterdam at the south end of Manhattan, the road veered northeast around a freshwater pond known as the Collect, The Bowery was, like Broadway, originally part of a Native American trail extending the length of Manhattan; during the Dutch colonization, slave laborers widened the portion of this pathway linking the city of New Amsterdam at the southern tip of Manhattan with a group of bouweries, or farms,2established by the Dutch West Indies Company to supply its fledging settlement. After 1664, when the British took control of New Amsterdam and renamed it New York, this “Bowry 3 Lane” became a component of the Post Road linking New York City and Boston. It was officially designated “The Bowery” in 1813. Between 1643 and 1651, manumitted Africans, former slaves of the Dutch West India Company, received ground briefs for land in the area between the public wagon road [the Bowery] and the Fresh Water [Collect] and vicinity, creating what architect and historian I. N. Phelps Stokes described as the “first quarter for free Negros established on Manhattan Island.”4 The ground-briefs for small farms were offered strategically, the recipients were older slaves and the company could avoid the expense of caring for them, and the African settlement would provide a buffer and early warning system against Native American attacks on Dutch settlements. The Africans were granted conditional freedom and owed an annual tribute of produce or labor when needed to the company. These farms were interspersed among the bouweries and estates of some of the most powerful Dutch land owners of New Amsterdam.5 In 1659 and 1660 Director General Petrus (Peter) Stuyvesant made several grants of small parcels and lots for houses and gardens to “Negroes” “in free and true ownership.”6 In1712 under English rule, a concerted effort began, to limit the power of the growing black population, stripping the free blacks of their privileges and requiring them to forfeit their lands to the Crown, ending the brief period of conditional land ownership and liberties that started under the Dutch in 1643.7 The vulnerability of these scattered farms to attacks by Native Americans prompted an order in 1660 that settlers gather in towns “after the English fashion,” and Bowery Village was established on part of what had been the Company’s Great Bowerie. The road leading to it became known as “Bowery Lane,” which served as the city’s principal route of expansion during its first two centuries of growth. The area developed rapidly following the turn of the 19th century and, by the 1830s, had become a bustling neighborhood composed in large part of brick and brick-fronted Federal style row houses. By the mid-19th century, as wealthier residents moved uptown, the Bowery became more commercial in character, defined by specialty shops, drygoods and fancy hardware businesses. After the Civil War, the Bowery became known for its cheap amusements—some wholesome, some not—as music halls, dramatic theaters, and German beer halls shared the street with dive bars, taxidance halls, pawnbrokers, medicine shows, confidence men, and “museums” featuring sword swallowers, exotic animals, and scantily-clad women. The Bowery also had a reputation for salvation; the first mission in the Lower East Side, the Gospel Rescue Mission founded by Jeremiah McAuley, in 1872 with the goal of serving the 2 “undeserving poor.” Founded by Reverend and Mrs. A. G. Ruliffson the Bowery Mission opened in 1879 becoming the second mission on the Bowery and the third in the nation, and becoming the leading provider of charity and evangelism on the Bowery. With the opening of the Third Avenue Elevated along the Bowery in 1878, the street was cast into permanent shadow, and pedestrians were showered with hot cinders from the steam trains running above and next to the sidewalks.8Despite its honky-tonk reputation, the Bowery also functioned as “the grand avenue of the respectable lower classes,” where Federal-era residences converted to saloons and boarding houses stood cheek-by-jowl with grand architectural showpieces constructed by the neighborhood’s cultural and financial institutions, including the Bond Street Savings Bank at the northwest corner of the Bowery and Bond Street, the Germania Bank (1898-99, Robert Maynicke) at the northwest corner of the Bowery and Spring Street,9 the Young Men’s Institute Building of the YMCA (1884-85, Bradford L. Gilbert) at 222 Bowery, and the Bowery Savings Bank (1893-95, McKim, Mead & White) at 130 Bowery.10In the mid-1800s, boarding houses were widespread on the Bowery and were not stigmatized in the way they would come to be in later years. Young single workers arriving in New York sought housing in reputable boarding houses, typically located in the lower wards, near the trades, industries and businesses in which they worked. Historians assert that the entertainment culture of the Bowery arose to serve the young single working-class male workers lodging on and around the Bowery. As the entertainment district on the Bowery degenerated over the course of the second half of the 19th century, the Bowery attracted legions of rootless individuals. By 1890, it was estimated that over 9,000 homeless men, many with addictions, found lodging on the Bowery.