Cover – Image Copyrights 1 Cover – Image Copyrights Cover Images: Michelle Walters – USDA –APHIS-PPQ-CPHST Phoenix, AZ, http://www.cottonman.com/cotton_bolls.htm, and http://www.cotton-bales.com/. 2 Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents ......................................................................................................................... 3 Authors, Reviewers, Draft Log ................................................................................................... 4 Introduction to Reference ............................................................................................................ 6 Introduction to Cotton ................................................................................................................ 11 Arthropods ................................................................................................................................. 14 Primary Pests of Cotton (Full Pest Datasheet) .................................................................. 14 Anthonomus grandis........................................................................................................... 14 Helicoverpa armigera ......................................................................................................... 25 Ostrinia furnacalis ............................................................................................................... 36 Oxycarenus hyalinipennis .................................................................................................. 46 Pectinophora gossypiella ................................................................................................... 57 Spodoptera littoralis ............................................................................................................ 68 Spodoptera litura ................................................................................................................. 78 Thaumatotibia leucotreta ................................................................................................... 90 Secondary Pest of Cotton (Truncated Datasheets) ........................................................ 101 Adoxophyes orana ............................................................................................................ 101 Autographa gamma .......................................................................................................... 106 Diabrotica speciosa .......................................................................................................... 110 Eutetranychus orientalis................................................................................................... 115 Planococcus minor ........................................................................................................... 120 Plant Pathogens ..................................................................................................................... 125 Primary Pests of Cotton (Full Pest Datasheet) ................................................................ 125 Phytophthora boehmeriae ............................................................................................... 125 Appendix A: Diagnostic Resource Contacts ........................................................................ 135 Appendix B: Glossary of Terms ............................................................................................. 137 Appendix C: FY10 & 11 CAPS Prioritized Pest List and Commodity Matrix .................. 142 Appendix D: FY12 CAPS Prioritized Pest List and Commodity Matrix ............................ 146 3 Authors, Reviewers, Draft Log Authors, Reviewers, Draft Log Authors CAPS Commenters Lydia Brown Robert Balaam Assistant in Extension Greater Caribbean Safeguarding Initiative (GCSI) Agronomic Crops IPM Florida Program Manager University of Arizona – USDA-APHIS-PPQ Arizona Pest Management Center Miami, FL. Maricopa Agricultural Center 37860 W. Smith-Enke Road Maricopa, AZ 85138 [email protected] Shujuan Li, Ph.D. Parul Patel Post Doctoral Associate Offshore Pest Information Program University of Arizona – Int'l Pest Information Coordinator Arizona Pest Management Center OPIS Program Manager Maricopa Agricultural Center USDA-APHIS-PPQ 37860 W. Smith-Enke Road Riverdale, MD. Maricopa, AZ 85138 Peter Ellsworth, Ph.D. Ian Foley IPM Specialist, Professor & State IPM Coordinator, Pest Management Program Manager Director, Arizona Pest Management Center State Survey Coordinator University of Arizona – Montana Dept. of Agriculture Department of Entomology Maricopa Agricultural Center Helena, MT. 37860 W. Smith-Enke Road Maricopa, AZ 85138 [email protected] Melinda Sullivan, Ph.D. Gary Adams Plant Pathologist State Plant Health Director - Montana USDA-APHIS-PPQ-CPHST USDA-APHIS-PPQ 2301 Research Blvd., Suite 108 Helena, MT. Fort Collins, CO 80526 [email protected] Talitha Molet Erin Stiers Biological Science Technician Pest Survey Specialist (CO, KS, OK) USDA-APHIS-PPQ-CPHST USDA-APHIS-PPQ 1730 Varsity Dr., Suite 400 Topeka, KS Raleigh, NC 27606 Reviewers Colete Jacono Pest Survey Specialist (FL) USDA APHIS PPQ Gainesville Florida 4 Authors, Reviewers, Draft Log Lisa Jackson Grace O’Keefe Biological Scientist Domestic Identifier- Plant Pathologist USDA-APHIS-PPQ-CPHST USDA-APHIS-PPQ 1730 Varsity Dr., Suite 400 University Park, PA Raleigh, NC 27606 Esther Daniells Research Associate Colorado State University Fort Collins, CO 80526 Al Fournier, Ph.D. Draft Log IPM Program Manager, Adjunct Scientist November 2011 – Draft sent for CPHST review Assoc. Director, Arizona Pest Management Cent. University of Arizona December 2011 – Draft sent for CAPS review Department of Entomology Maricopa Agricultural Center March 2012 – Final draft posted on CAPS 37860 W. Smith-Enke Road Resource and Collaboration site Maricopa, AZ 85138 August 2016 – Removed outdated maps, updated mapping information Mike Matheron, Ph.D. Specialist, Plant Pathology University of Arizona School of Plant Sciences Yuma Agricultural Center 6425 W 8th St Yuma, AZ 85364 Steven Naranjo, Ph.D. Research Entomologist, Unit Leader, Acting Director, USDA-ARS, ALARC 21881 North Cardon Lane Maricopa, AZ 85138 5 Introduction to the Reference Introduction to Reference History of Commodity-Based Survey The CAPS community is made up of a large and varied group of individuals from federal, state, and university organizations who use federal (and other) funding sources to survey for and (in some cases) diagnose exotic and invasive plant pests. By finding pests early, eradication efforts will likely be less expensive and more efficient. For more information on CAPS and other Plant Protection and Quarantine (PPQ) pest detection programs see: http://www.aphis.usda.gov/plant_health/plant_pest_info/pest_detection/index.shtml. Traditionally, states have been given a list of pests. From this list each year, states choose a number of pests to incorporate in their own specialized surveys. There is certainly value in surveying for plant health threats in terms of discreet pests. However, this may not always be the most efficient means of survey. For example, a single pest may occur on a myriad of different hosts, making a comprehensive survey too time consuming and expensive. An alternative method has been suggested. Grouping important pests under the umbrella of a single commodity may be a more efficient way to look for certain pests. The rationale for choosing a commodity survey in certain instances includes the following: • Survey area will be smaller and targeted. • Resources can be more efficiently used with fewer trips to the field. • Commodities are easy to prioritize in terms of economic and regional (geographic) importance. The Center for Plant Health Science and Technology (CPHST) has been charged with developing a commodity-based survey strategy in support of the CAPS program. Two types of end products are being developed for each commodity. Each product serves a valuable yet unique purpose. The result is a set of paired documents developed for each commodity. A description of these documents is provided below: Commodity-Based Survey Reference (CSR): This document is composed of a series of pest data sheets, mini-pest risk assessments (PRAs), or early detection PRAs. The data sheets are highly graphic and illustrate the biology, survey, and identification of particular pests in appropriate detail for CAPS surveyors. The pests in this document are numerous. The pests were chosen primarily from the CAPS Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) prioritized pest list (Appendix C and D) and the Select Agent list (http://www.aphis.usda.gov/programs/ag_selectagent/ or http://www.aphis.usda.gov/programs/ag_selectagent/ag_bioterr_toxinlist.shtml). The AHP prioritized pest lists for FY 11’ and FY 12’ are also given in Appendices C and D. Additional pests may be added if they are cited in scientific literature as being a primary 6 Introduction to the Reference pest of the given commodity and are exotic to the United States, or if specifically requested by the CAPS National Committee or industry. States are not required to survey for all of the pests in this document, but may choose those that are particularly relevant to include in their survey. In general, this document should serve as a desk reference for survey specialists as they plan their annual surveys. Commodity-Based Survey Guidelines (CSG): This document is smaller. The list of pests is shorter than those chosen for the CSR.