HISTORY OF INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT IN GOMBE STATE, 1974-2011 BY MISBAHU SA’IDU MA/ARTS/26671/2012/2013 BEING A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE SCHOOL OF POSTGRADUATE STUDIES, AHMADU BELLO UNIVERSITY, ZARIA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR AWARD OF MASTER OF ARTS (MA) DEGREE IN HISTORY DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY FACULTY OF ARTS AHMADU BELLO UNIVERSITY, ZARIA OCTOBER, 2015 DECLARATION I hereby declare that, this work titled “A History of Industrial Development in Gombe State, 1974-2011” was written by me and has not been submitted to any institution as part of any examination by me or any other person and that, all the sources used have been duly acknowledged. Name: Misbahu Sa’idu Signature…………………… Date…………………… ii CERTIFICATION This Dissertation titled “A History of Industrial Development in Gombe State, 1974- 2011” by Misbahu Sa‟idu, MA/ARTS/26671/2012/2013 meets the requirement for the award of the degree of Master of Arts Degree (MA) in History of the School of Post Graduate Studies, Ahmadu Bello University Zaria, and is approved for its contribution to knowledge and literary presentation. Prof. Abdulkadir Adamu Sign…………………………. Chairman, Supervisory Committee Date…………………………. Dr. John Agi Sign…………………………. Member, Supervisory Committee Date…………………………. Prof. Sule Mohammed Sign…………………………. Head of Department Date…………………………. Prof.Kabir Bala Sign………………………… Dean, School of Post Graduate Studies, Date………………………… iii iv DEDICATION This work is dedicated to first of all, my parents: Alhaji Sa‟idu Jibril Musa Kwami (Sarkin Malaman Kwami); Malama Khadijah Yakubu Muhammad, Malama Zainab Iliyasu Mai Yamba, Malama Aishatu Abubakar, and Malama Aishatu Idris. Secondly, to my dear wife, Fatima Abdulkadir, (including our daughter, Aisha nicknamed Khaleesah). Thirdly, to the late Alhaji Shehu Usman (U.A.T), (1925-2014) for his invaluable contribution in the preservation and documentation of the history of Gombe and finally to the victims of “Boko Haram” Insurgency in the North East geopolitical zone of Nigeria. v ACKNOWLEDGEMENT My greatest thanks are to the Almighty God, the omniscient, the omnipotent, and the omnipresent for making this work a reality. Many people contributed towards the completion of this study but time and space would not allow me to mention them all. However, attempt is made here to acknowledge some that could be recollected. First, my unquantifiable thanks go to my Major Supervisor, Professor Abdulkadir Adamu, (Director, Arewa House, Centre for Historical Documentation and Research, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria) for his scholarly guidance, suggestions and above all promptness in the correction of my draft chapters. I also remain appreciative of the contributions of the co- supervisor, Dr. John Agi for bringing his scholarly thoroughness to bear on this research. Special thanks go to Professor Muhammadu Mustapha Gwadabe, the Post Graduate Coordinator of the Department for injecting into us, the iron determination to round up our research within the stipulated period of two years. To Dr. Muhammad Sani Umar, for inculcating into us, the advanced and puzzling spirit of historical research! Other Lecturers in the Department whose ideas helped in this study include, but not limited to, Professors Sule Bello, Mahmoud Hamman, Sule Muhammad, Enock Oyedele, Dr. Idris Jimada,Dr. Kabiru Chafe, and Dr. Usman Ladan. The contributions of Malam Sarki Musa, Danjuma Garba ,Salisu Zubairu, Nura Isa and Rabiu Sulaiman were equally helpful. To my accommodative course mates at the Department of History, ABU, Zaria, I thank you for your patience throughout the period of our course work. vi I also appreciate the tireless efforts of the staff of NHRS, Zaria, Arewa House, CEDDERT, Libraries of Gombe State University, Gombe State House of Assembly, and Department of Economics, ABU-Zaria. I specially thank Alhaji Gidado, the Statistician-General of Gombe State for giving me both soft and hard copies of economic statistics on Gombe State. I remain grateful to Dr. George Kwanashie for giving me more than an hour of his precious time to discuss some salient conceptual issues on industrial development. I equally express my profuse gratitude and appreciation to Mr. Daniel Soya, Director, Industries in the Ministry of Trade and Industry, Gombe State and his Lieutenant, Malam Idris Usman Reme. I also thank, Malam Gumel of the Ministry of Trade and Industry, Bauchi State for his assistance. I remain appreciative to Alhaji Abdulkadir Abubakar (Yeriman Gombe) for directing me to some informants and to CYD Discussion Forum for introducing me to some of the elites in Gombe, some of whom I was opportuned to interview. This section would necessarily be incomplete without appreciating the Management of Federal University Kashere under the stewardship of Professor Muhammad Kabir Faruk for not allowing me to resume work after the completion of my course work. The ample time provided by this opportunity has indeed enabled me concentrate fully on my research. The deanery support and encouragement received from Professor Saleh Abdu Kwami made this study a reality. Finally, I thank my brother, Malam Abubakar Usman Kwami (Yaya Abbakar) and my research assistants: Habibu, Musa, Faruk, and Ubaida for their numerous contributions. vii PREFACE This dissertation titled “A History of Industrial Development in Gombe State, 1974- 2011 is a modest but pioneering study of the genesis, trends, challenges and impact of the establishment of industries and the nature of their capacity utilization in Gombe State. The work is divided into eight (8) chapters. The first chapter is a general introduction to the study. It examines among other things, the research problem, scope and limitations as well as the aims and objectives of the study. It also states the theoretical framework of the study which is anchored around the political economy perspectives. The chapter clarifies the concepts of industrialization, Manufacturing, industry, enterprise, and industrial development. It thereafter gives a synopsis on the direction of the study. Chapter two focuses attention to some background information about Gombe State. It describes the geography, demography and the economy of the study area as a necessary background for understanding the object of this study- Industrial development. Chapter three creates a broader context for locating the discourse on industrial development in Gombe State. It does that by examining „efforts‟ at industrial developments in the late colonial and early independence periods in Northern Nigeria. Chapter four examines industrial development under the old Bauchi State. It focuses on the formulation of industrial policy and the establishment of institutions in the industrial sector. It finally assesses the relocation of industries from Gombe to Bauchi, a development which had among other things triggered a movement which culminated into the creation of Gombe State in 1996. viii Chapter five examines the character and tempo of industrial development in Gombe State by discussing the role of successive administrations in Gombe State in the area of industrial policy formulation, provision of infrastructure and other incentives for industrial development. Using budgets from the available years, the chapter ascertains the extent of the implementation and otherwise of the various industrial projects. Role of the private sector, production, marketing and distribution of manufactured were also discussed. This chapter concludes by a discussion on labour and industrial relations in Gombe State Area. Impact and challenges of industrial development are discussed in chapter six. The chapter examines some impact of industrial development in Gombe State in the areas of politics, economy, socio-cultural and environmental spheres and thereafter argued that the pivot upon which all the challenges in Gombe State is the lack of political will. Chapter Seven shows that, the economy of Nigeria and Gombe State has already been integrated into the world capitalist economy. Therefore, it discusses the global manufacturing environment and the position of Nigeria, and Gombe State in that equation. This provides a context for discussing some prerequisites and strategies for industrialization in Gombe State. Chapter Eight is a general conclusion which summarizes some of the major arguments and findings of the study. ix TABLE OF CONTENTS Title Page - - - - - - - - - - i Declaration - - - - - - - - - - ii Certification - - - - - - - - - - iii Dedication - - - - - - - - - - iv Acknowledgement - - - - - - - - - v Preface- - - - - - - - - - - vii Table of Contents - - - - - - - - - ix Notes on Sources - - - - - - - - - xiv List of Maps - - - - - - - - - - xvii List of Tables - - - - - - - - - - xviii List of Appendices - - - - - - - - - xx Abbreviation - - - - - - - - - - xxi Abstract - - - - - - - - - - xxiv CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY 1.0– Introduction - - - - - - - - - 1 1.1 - Statement of the Research Problem - - - - - - 2 1.2 - Scope and Limitations of the Study - - - - - - 2 1.3 - Objectives of the Study - - - - - - - - 3 1.4 -Literature Review - - - - - - - - 5 1.5 -Justification for the Study - - - - - - - 17 1.6 -Methodology of the Study - - - - - - - 18 1.7 -Theoretical Framework - - - - - - - - 19 1.7.1- Functionalist Theories - - - - - - - 19 1.7.2- Modernization Theories - - - - - - 19 1.7.3- Political Economy Perspectives - - - - - 20 1.8 –Definitions of Terms - - - - - - - - 24 1.8.1- Industrialization - - - - - - - - 24 1.8.2- Manufacturing - - - - -