755 Index a – polycarbocyclic 557ff. abrasion to printing cylinder 149 application absorption constant 57 – miscellaneous 183, 613 – of light 57f. – other areas of 183 ABS polymers 175 – properties and concepts 51ff. accelerated light- and weatherfastness exposure aqueous pigment extracts equipment 95ff. – extraction methods 63f. acetoacetic arylides 200 – of electrical conductivity 63 acetolone, 5- – of pH value 622 acetoacetylaminobenzimidazolone 373 areas of application 142ff. acid number of pigments 63 aromaticity 15 acidic ring closure 462 artist’s colors 650 acute toxicity 693 automotive finishes 50, 157ff. agglomerates automotive refinishes 156 – definition 21 azo dye 12, 20 – dispersion 78ff., 133f., 146f. azo form 195 – spin dyeing 181ff. azo metal complexes 642f., 644 aggregates 21, 27 azo metal complex pigments 648ff. agitated ball mills 147 azomethine metal complexes 172, 643, air emissions 691 737f. Alkali Blue 614ff. azomethine metal complex pigments 645f. – chemistry, manufacture 615ff. azo pigments – commercially available types 619ff. – see hydrazone pigments alkaline number of a pigment 63 azo tautomeric form 194 aluminium pigment lakes 638ff. Ames test 694 b amine-treated pigments 2, 150, 266 barbituric acid 12 1-aminoanthrachinone 524f. barium pigments 690 aminoanthraquinone pigments 535f. bathochromic shift 13f. aminoplastics 180 benzimidazolone moiety 19 amorphous compounds 44 benzimidazolone pigments 6, 7, 19, amorphous pigments 46 370ff. Aniline Black 665ff. – application 381ff. anisotropy 126 – chemistry, manufacture 372 anthanthrone pigments 9, 561ff. – commercially available pigments 382ff. anthrapyrimidine pigments 8, 546ff. – crystal structure 372 anthraquinone pigments 8 – solubility 19f. – hydrazone pigment 536ff. BET equation 24ff. – heterocyclic 546ff. bifunctional coupling components 252 Industrial Organic Pigments: Production, Crystal Structures, Properties, Applications, Fourth Edition. Klaus Hunger and Martin U. Schmidt. 2018 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA. Published 2018 by Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA. 756 Index Biphenyl 16 – depth 55 bisacetoacetarylide pigments 5, 253, – differences 56 278ff. – optical behaviour of pigmented black panel temperature 96 coatings 56 blaine method 26 – scales 153 bleeding 67, 71ff., 172 – stimulus 52 blooming 68ff., 168 – tristimulus values 53 – concentration limits 68f. colour copy 154 – in elastomers 180 colourants (threshold limits of metals) 1, – in LDPE 168 685 Blue Scale 95f. coloured pencils 183 BONA 6, 203, 301 colouristic properties 42ff. – pigment lakes 349ff. Colour Index 95 brilliance of color 53 conductivity of aqueous pigment Brilliant Green 626 extracts 63 brittleness of plastics 356 conformation 41 2B toner 353 conjugation 15 4B toner 358 copper ferrocyanide 624, 629 copper phthalocyanine pigments 429ff. c cone-and-plate viscometer 117 cable insulations 172 CONEG Regulation 686 – coverings 267 cosmetics 166, 183 calandering 153 Coulomb interactions 226 Carbazole Violet 426, 578, 580 coupling 209ff. carbonamide groups, introduction of 17 – compounds 201ff. carcinogenic aromatic amines, list of 680 – continuous process 217f. carcinogenicity 694f. – techniques 211ff. Casson flow model 111 crayons 183 cast resins 263 Critical Pigment Volume Concentration catalytic hydrogenation 200 (CPVC) 86 cellulose derivatives, spin dyeing 181ff. crystal chalking 76f., 172 – adsorption 21 chemical characterization 20ff. – engineering 47 chemical constitution 11 – forms 17 – blooming 67 – manufacture 69, 223ff. – influence on hue 11ff. – modifications 20ff., 41ff., 91f., 436ff. –– migration fastness 18ff. – see also polymorphism –– solvent fastness 18ff. –– change 43, 93, 106 –– tinctorial strength 25 –– detection 42 –– weatherfastness 17f. – phases 40 chloranil 570 – stabilization of CuPc pigments 431 Chlorinated Para Red (P.R.4) 291, 297f. – structure 11, 15f. chroma 53 –– determination 15 chromophor 14 –– prediction 11 chronic toxicity 694f. Crystal Violet 626 CIELAB 55f., 97 crystallinity 45f. – system 55 crystallite size 49 Clayfield and Lumb theory 86 cyan 153 coatings 155ff. coil coating 161 d cold extraction method 63 data representation 33 colour 52ff. – density distribution 34 – concentrates 169 – numerical distribution 36 Index 757 – sum distribution 36 – commercially available pigments – surface area distribution 36 409f. – volume or mass distribution 36 – properties 407ff. D&C Red 7 360 dihydrazone pigments 5, 251ff. D&C Red 36 300 – bisacetoacetarylide pigments 278ff. Debye-Scherrer X-ray diffraction – diarylide yellow pigments 253ff. – see X-ray powder diffraction dihydrazonepyrazolone pigments 252 decorative printing 152f. dipole-dipole-interaction 40 density distribution 34 dispersibility 133 density functional theory (DFT) 469, 506 – see also dispersion depth of shade 55 dispersion 78ff. desagglomeration of pigment particles 79 – and the critical pigment volume diallyl phthalate process 152 concentration 86f. diarylide yellow and orange pigments 253ff. – definition 27 – amine-treatment 150 – desagglomeration of pigment – application 259ff. particles 80 – chemistry, manufacture 253ff. – determination of particle size 27ff. – commercially available pigments 262ff. – distribution of the dispersed pigment in its – flushing process 94 medium 84 – mixed couplings 255 – equipment, mode and operation 114f. – properties 258ff. – factors of influence 79 – resination 359 – general considerations 78ff. – thermal decomposition 261 – hardness 90 diazo components 197ff. – influence of particle size 124ff. – bifunctional 252 – influence on application properties 78f. diazonium compound 205ff., 217f. – in industrial finishes 156f. diazotization 206ff., 216ff. – in offset printing inks 89, 119 – aprotic 212 – in plastics 163ff. – continuous technique 216ff. – in PP 168f. – mechanism 207 – in PVC 168f. – methods 207 – test methods 87ff. differential thermal analysis 105 dissolution in the application medium 108f. dihaloterephthalic acid process 463 distortion 77, 168 2,4-dihydroxy quinoline 12 disturbances during processing of pigmented diketopyrrolo-pyrrole (DPP) pigments 8, 514ff. systems 75ff. – chemistry and manufacture 514ff. DLVO theory 86 – commercially available pigments 520ff. domain size 44, 49 – properties and application 520 DPP pigments 8, 514ff. dilatancy 114 DPP/quinacridone mixed crystal DIN color chart 54f., 129 pigments 521 DIN scale 242 dry cleaning 67 Dinitraniline Orange 4, 296ff. dry rubbing 67 dioxazine pigments 9, 569 dry spinning 182 disazo condensation pigments dyes – see dihydrazone condensation pigments – definition 1 disazo pigments – migration in plastics 67ff. – see dihydrazone pigments – salts with complex anions 622 disazopyrazolone pigments – see dihydrazonepyrazolone pigments e dihydrazone condensation pigments 4, 7, ecology 691ff. 403ff. effect finishes 160 – application 407f. elastomers 177f. – chemistry, manufacture 404ff. electron acceptors 11, 17, 199 758 Index electron beams curing systems 158 FD&C Blue 1 640 electron diffraction 339 FD&C Blue 2 665 electron donors 11, 12, 17 FD&C Red 3 639 electron microscopy 33f. FD&C Red 38 639 electronic excitation 11, 40 FD&C Yellow 5 248 electrophotographical method 154 FD&C Yellow 6 367 emulsion paints 162f. films 163 – PVC 169ff. filtration 201 equivalent diameter 36f. finishing European Color Scale 153, 242, 268 – hydrazone pigments 202ff. Europeregulation(EC)nr.1935/2004/EEC 683 – polycyclic pigments 425, 487 exciton coupling 39 flavanthrone pigments 9, 548ff., 653, 725 exterior house paints 162f. flexo printing 144, 152 extinction floating 135, 161 – coefficient, maximum molar 14 flocculates 23 – maximum 14 flocculation 135f. – of CuPc pigments 437 f – stability to 440 factors determining the lightfastness 98 flooding 135 – additives 101 flop effect 451 – pigment volume concentration 100 Florida exposure 581 – substrate 98 flow 141 – thickness of the layer 100 flow properties 114ff. – vehicle 98 – and rheological parameters 115ff. fastness – influence 114ff., 118 – determination 61 – of pigmental systems 114ff., 150ff. – to acids 62 – of publication gravure inks 113 – to alkali 62 fluorescein 639, 662 – to bleaching with hypochlorite 66 flush pastes 93f. – to bleeding 67ff. flushing process 93, 619 – to chlorinated water 66 food contact 179, 669, 671, 683 – to concrete 64 food packaging 368, 369, 671, 683 – to heat sealability 65 force fields 45, 47, 444 – to light 94ff. – to lime 64 g – to migration 139ff. gel varnishes 111, 147 – to organic solvents 61f. – structure 111 – to overpigmentation 76f. general considerations 78ff. – to seawater 66 glass – to soap 62 – coloration with organic pigments 393 – to solvents 61f., 141ff. glass transition point 68 –– determination 61 glass transition temperature 176, 184 –– effects of the particle size 136ff. globally harmonised system (GHS) 677 –– in polystyrene 175 gloss 64, 136ff. –– in polyurethane 174f. – of offset prints 144ff. –– of migration 67ff., 139ff. –– time curve 91 –– of plastics 163 – of toluidine reds (haze) 136 –– of printed textiles 66 gravure printing 144 –– of prints 62 Gray Scale 66, 72, 95, 141, 356, 385, 399, – to sterilisation 65 402 – to transparent lacquer coatings 62 Grela Reds 301 – to water 57, 62 grindometer 89 – to weather 64ff. gypsum 42, 232 Index 759 h i Hagen-Poiseuille equation 81 IBB toner 357 HALS stabilizer 168, 500 indanthrone 196, 548ff. heat sealability 666 indexing 45 heat sealing 65 indigo 8 heat stability 144ff. industrial coatings 273ff. – in elastomers 177f. industrial finishes 156 – in plastics 163 inkjet printing