UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, IRVINE Aspect-Oriented Architectural Style for Distributed Interactive Simulations THESIS submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in Informatics by Arthur Rodrigo Sawazachi Valadares Thesis Committee: Professor Cristina V. Lopes, Chair Chancellor's Professor Emeritus Richard N. Taylor Researcher Mic Bowman 2016 Chapter 3.1 c 2015 CRC Press Chapter 3.2 c 2014 IEEE Portion of chapter 4 and 5 c 2016 IEEE Chapter 6 c 2016 John Wiley and Sons All other materials c 2016 Arthur Rodrigo Sawazachi Valadares TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF FIGURES vi LIST OF TABLES viii LIST OF ALGORITHMS ix ACKNOWLEDGMENTS x ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS xi 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Virtual Environments . .5 1.2 Distributed Simulations . .7 1.3 Designing Scalable DIS Architectures . .8 1.3.1 Scaling size . .9 1.3.2 Scaling scope . 10 1.4 Approach . 12 1.5 Thesis Statement . 15 2 Background on Distributed Interactive Simulations 17 2.1 Object-Partitioned Architectures . 18 2.1.1 SIMNET / DIS . 18 2.1.2 MR Toolkit . 19 2.1.3 BrickNet . 19 2.1.4 RING . 20 2.1.5 DIVE . 20 2.1.6 MASSIVE . 21 2.1.7 Spline . 22 2.1.8 Second Life / OpenSimulator . 23 2.1.9 Meru . 24 2.1.10 Kiwano . 25 2.2 Service Partitioned Architectures . 25 2.3 Generalist Architectures . 26 2.3.1 Open Wonderland . 27 2.3.2 High Level Architecture (HLA) . 27 ii 2.3.3 DEVS . 30 2.3.4 GRIDS . 30 2.4 Data Distribution . 31 2.4.1 Publish-Subscribe . 31 2.4.2 OMG Data Distribution Service (DDS) . 33 2.4.3 HLA Data Distribution Management (DDM) . 36 2.5 Collaborative Simulations . 36 2.5.1 Urban Simulations . 37 2.5.2 Virtual Geographic Environments (VGE) . 38 3 Design Experiments in DIS: Scaling Size 42 3.1 RCAT Architectural Style . 43 3.1.1 Applications . 62 3.1.2 Experimental Feasibility Analysis . 75 3.1.3 General Use . 80 3.1.4 Discussion . 83 3.1.5 Conclusion . 84 3.2 Distributed Scene Graph with Microcells . 85 3.2.1 Interest Management . 86 3.2.2 Active and Passive Subscriptions . 88 3.2.3 State Propagation . 88 3.2.4 Crossings . 89 3.2.5 Evaluation . 92 3.2.6 Conclusion . 100 3.3 Conclusions of design experiments . 100 4 CADIS Architecture: Scaling Scope 103 4.1 Introduction . 103 4.2 Overview of the CADIS Approach . 104 4.3 Related Work . 109 4.3.1 Predicate Classes . 109 4.3.2 Other Class-Instance Associations . 111 4.4 Predicate Collection Classes . 112 4.4.1 Motivation . 113 4.4.2 Object Reclassification . 115 4.4.3 Algebraic Operations . 117 4.5 Spacetime . 119 4.5.1 Interest Management . 120 4.5.2 Time Flow . 121 4.5.3 Frame . 122 4.5.4 Store . 123 4.6 Performance . 124 4.6.1 Pushing only modifications . 125 4.6.2 Pulling only modifications . 126 4.6.3 Pulling dependent type modifications . 127 iii 4.7 Concluding Remarks . 128 5 Evaluation of CADIS 129 5.1 Benchmarks . 130 5.1.1 PCC set type . 131 5.1.2 Subset . 132 5.1.3 Projection . 134 5.1.4 Join . 135 5.1.5 Update . 136 5.1.6 Creation . 137 5.1.7 Summary of Benchmark Experiments . 138 5.2 Feasibility . 140 5.2.1 Results . 142 5.3 CADIS and HLA . 144 5.4 Usability Study: Distributed Simulation Course . 145 5.4.1 City Simulation . 146 5.4.2 Route Simulation . 147 5.4.3 Student Survey and Interviews . 150 5.4.4 Findings . 152 5.5 Research Questions . 153 5.5.1 How does CADIS compare to traditional ways of load partitioning simulations? . 154 5.5.2 How does CADIS compare to similar architectural efforts such as HLA?155 5.5.3 How effective is CADIS in supporting independent, but collaborative development of different aspects of simulations? . 157 5.6 Conclusion . 158 6 Evaluation and Testing of DIS 160 6.1 Introduction . 161 6.2 Context and Prior Work . 163 6.2.1 DVEs and OpenSimulator . 163 6.2.2 Six Dimensions of Concern . 165 6.3 Case Study 1: DSG-M . 168 6.3.1 Objective . 168 6.3.2 Experiment . 168 6.3.3 Setup . 169 6.3.4 Metrics and Results . 171 6.3.5 Observations . 172 6.4 Case Study 2: Login Procedure . 178 6.4.1 Objective . 178 6.4.2 Experiment . 180 6.4.3 Setup . 181 6.4.4 Metrics and Results . 182 6.4.5 Observations . 184 6.5 Historical Perspective . 188 iv 6.5.1 On Design and Evaluation . ..