Secretariat of the CBD Technical Series No. 64 Convention on Biological Diversity RECOGNISING64 AND SUPPORTING TERRITORIES AND AREAS CONSERVED BY INDIGENOUS PEOPLES AND LOCAL COMMUNITIES Global overview and national case studies Published by the Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity. ISBN: 92-9225-426-X (print version); ISBN: 92-9225-425-1 (web version) Copyright © 2012, Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The views reported in this publication do not necessarily represent those of the Convention on Biological Diversity, the Parties to the Convention, or those of the reviewers. This publication may be reproduced for educational or non-profit purposes without special permission from the copyright holders, provided acknowledgement of the source is made. The Secretariat of the Convention would appreciate receiving a copy of any publications that uses this document as a source. Citation Kothari, Ashish with Corrigan, Colleen, Jonas, Harry, Neumann, Aurélie, and Shrumm, Holly. (eds). 2012. Recognising and Supporting Territories and Areas Conserved By Indigenous Peoples And Local Communities: Global Overview and National Case Studies. Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity, ICCA Consortium, Kalpavriksh, and Natural Justice, Montreal, Canada. Technical Series no. 64, 160 pp. For further information please contact Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity World Trade Centre 413 St. Jacques, Suite 800 Montreal, Quebec, Canada H2Y 1N9 Phone: 1 (514) 288 2220 Fax: 1 514 288 6588 E-mail: [email protected] Website: http://www.cbd.int Cover Photos top to bottom, left to right: Forests of Wet’suwet’en First Nation territory, Canada, © Francois Depey Coron Island, Ancestral Domain of the Tagbanwa people, The Philippines © Ashish Kothari Florentín Hernández Ancapán with changle (edible mushroom), Condor Community in Mapu Lahual territory, Chile © Lorena Arce Community guards at Mayuni Conservancy, North Eastern Namibia © Olga Jones Iberian lynx in community dehesa, Spain © Manolo Moral Castro Slender loris, Nagavalli village, Karnataka, India © Ashish Kothari Typesetting: Natalie Fletcher Printed in India CBD Technical Series No. 64 Recognizing and Supporting Territories and Areas Conserved by Indigenous and Local Communities Global Overview and National Case Studies TABLE OF CONTENTS OVERVIEW REport Foreword ....................................................................................................................6 List of acronyms and abbreviations .......................................................................................7 Executive summary ........................................................................................................9 1. Introduction .............................................................................................................11 1.1 Background .........................................................................................................11 1.2 Objectives ...........................................................................................................12 1.3 Methodology. .12 1.4 Terms used ..........................................................................................................13 1.5 Report structure ....................................................................................................13 1.6 An appeal ............................................................................................................14 2. The ICCA phenomenon. .16 2.1 What are ICCAs? ...................................................................................................16 2.1.1 General description ...........................................................................................16 2.1.2 Definition and criteria (including diversity of terminology encompassed) .............................16 2.1.3 Are ICCAs PAs? What is the distinction between ICCAs and other PA governance types? ...........17 2.2 Range and diversity ................................................................................................19 2.2.1 Kinds of ICCAs ................................................................................................19 2.2.2 Diversity of institutional arrangements .....................................................................20 2.3 Motivations and values ............................................................................................22 2.3.1 Motivations underlying ICCAs ..............................................................................22 2.3.2 Values and benefits of ICCAs ................................................................................24 2.4 Number and extent of ICCAs .....................................................................................27 2.5 Threats ...............................................................................................................30 2.5.1 External threats ................................................................................................30 2.5.2 Internal threats ................................................................................................33 3. International recognition and support of ICCAs ....................................................................34 3.1 Recognition and support by IUCN ...............................................................................34 3.2 ICCAs in the CBD ..................................................................................................35 3.3 ICCA in other international instruments ........................................................................40 3.4 ICCA Consortium. .43 3.5 ICCA Registry . 44 3.6 Recognition by donors and international institutions . 45 4. National level legal recognition and support . 48 4.1 Overview . 48 4.2 Overarching issues . 48 4.3 Forms of national legal recognition . 49 4.4 Trajectories and persistent challenges . 62 4.5 Conclusion . 65 5. Non-legal recognition and support of ICCAs at national level . 66 Introduction 5.1 Documentation, research, and databases . 66 5.1.1 Forms of documentation, research and databases . 66 5.1.2 Key gaps and challenges . 68 5.2 Social recognition . 68 5.2.1 Forms of social recognition . 68 5.2.2 Key gaps and challenges . 69 5.3 Administrative, technical, financial, and developmental support . 70 5.3.1 Forms of support . 70 5.3.2 Key gaps and challenges . 73 5.4 Advocacy . 75 5.4.1 Forms of advocacy . 75 5.4.2 Key gaps and challenges . 76 5.5 Networking . 76 5.5.1 Forms of networking . 76 5.5.2 Key gaps and challenges . 78 6. Recommendations for recognizing and supporting ICCAs . 79 6.1 Introduction . 79 6.2 Legal and policy recognition . 81 6.3 Administrative and programmatic support . 86 6.4 Documentation, research and databases . 86 6.5 Social recognition . 87 6.6 Financial, developmental, and technical support . 87 6.7 Advocacy . 88 6.8 Networking . 89 6.9 Key steps for successful recognition and support (dos and donts) . 89 References . 92 ANNEXURES 1. Governmental Recognition and Support of ICCAs: A Comparative Glimpse . 98 2. Civil Society Recognition and Support of ICCAs: A Comparative Glimpse . 112 3. Summaries of the 19 Country Case Studies . 119 4. Resources for CBD Parties and Other Actors (key references, websites, organizations, tools, etc) . 148 5. Glossary of Key Terms . 154 List OF BOXES 1.1: Country Level Case Studies Commissioned for this Report . 14 2.1: Wildlife Values of ICCAs . 18 2.2: ICCAs and Government Protected Areas: Conflict and Complementarity . 19 3.1: Key Provisions of CBD Programme of Work on Protected Areas, Relevant to ICCAs . 35 3.2: COP10 Decisions on Various Programmes of Work, Relevant to ICCAs . 39 3.3: Evidence of Benefits from the ICCA Registry . 45 3.4: Information on ICCAs in the ICCA Registry . 46 6.1: ICCAs, Biosphere Reserves and Heritage Sites . 80 6.2: Transboundary ICCAs . 81 6.3: Aid Agencies and ICCAs . 88 6.4: Actions by Indigenous Peoples and Local Communities . 89 List OF TABLES 2.1: The IUCN Protected Area Matrix . 18 2.2: ICCA Types in Each IUCN PA Management Category . 19 2.3: Number and Extent of ICCAs in Selected Countries . 28 3.1: CBD Thematic Programmes and Cross-cutting Themes (Other than PoWPA) with Relevance to ICCAs . 37 6.1: The Dos and Don’ts of Recognising and Supporting ICCAs . 90 coUNTRY casE stUDY SUMMARIES *CLICK HERE TO ACCESS FULL-LENGTH COUNTRY CASE STUDIES* Australia: Dermot Smyth and Chrissy Grant . 138 Bolivia: Carmen E. Miranda L. and Alcides Vadillo P. 123 Canada: Thora Herrmann, François Depey, Monica Mulrennan, Michael A. D. Ferguson and Gleb Raygorodetsky . 126 Chile: Lorena Arce and José Aylwin . 124 Costa Rica: Patricia Madrigal Cordero and Vivienne Solís Rivera . 127 Croatia: Iris Beneš . 139 Fiji: Hugh Govan, Stacy Jupiter and James Comley . 138 India: Neema Pathak Broome and Tushar Dash . 130 Iran: Nahid Naqizadeh, Abbas Didari and Taghi Farvar . 132 Italy: Marco Bassi . 140 Kenya: Fred Nelson . ..