COMPUTER HARDWARE AND DIGITAL ELECTRONICS SYSTEMS Unit- 1 Introduction to Computers- Advantages- Disadvantages Assembling Computer – Different parts computers - Connecting various Devices and Components- BIOS Setup –Load Fail-Safe Default- Load Optimized Default- Standard CMOS Features- Advance BIOS Features - Advance Chipset Features- BIOS Setup Integrated Peripheral- Power Management Setup- PnP - PCI Configuration- Frequency Voltage Control- Supervisor- User Password Setting- Partitioning and Formatting HDD- Introduction to file system- Different types file system Unit- 2 Input Devices- Function Input devices– Keyboard- Mouse- Scanner- MIC- Light Pen- and Touch Screen and their Components - Output Devices- Function output devices Monitor and Types monitors- Speaker- Printer and its types- Inside to Printer and Plotter Unit- 3 Memory- Primary and Secondary Memory- RAM and ROM and its types- memory Packages and Modules - SIP- DIP SIMM- DIMM- RIMM’s Modules- Installation Techniques- Introduction the Cache Memory- Types the Cache Memory- Virtual Memory- Flash Memory- Secondary Storage Devices – FDD- CD- HDD- DVD- and their Internal Components and Structures- installing different storage devices. Unit- 4 Introduction to Electronics- difference between electrical and electronics- concepts current- voltage- résistance- types current and their conversion- different Types Electronic Components and their sub types- soldering electronic components- electronic tools- switching circuits- power electronics and digital electronics. Unit- 5 - Microprocessor- BUS and It’s Types- CPU Generation and X86 Intel family processor- MHz and GHz. Identification Processor- Different Parts Motherboard Processor Slot- Socket- Memory Slot- Expansion Slot- IDE Connector- FDC connector- COM Port- Parallel Port- USB- BIOS- Front panel connector- Keyboard Connector- Power connector- Display connector- Sound Port- Ps-2 Connector 1 | P a g e UNIT - 1 INTRODUCTION Computer A computer is an electronic device that is designed to work with information. The computer takes information in, processes that information, and then displays the results. In this way, a computer is similar to a calculator, except that even the smallest computer is much more versatile than the most powerful calculator. Computers operate at amazingly fast speeds, with a typical computer processing millions of calculations every second. A computer has four functions: a. accepts data Input b. processes data Processing c. produces output Output d. stores results Storage Input (Data): Input is the raw information entered into a computer from the input devices. It is the collection of letters, numbers, images etc. Process: Process is the operation of data as per given instruction. It is totally internal process of the computer system. Output: Output is the processed data given by computer after data processing. Output is also called as Result. We can save these results in the storage devices for the future use. Computer System All of the components of a computer system can be summarized with the simple equations. COMPUTER SYSTEM = HARDWARE + SOFTWARE+ USER • Hardware = Internal Devices + Peripheral Devices 2 | P a g e All physical parts of the computer (or everything that we can touch) are known as Hardware. • Software = Programs Software gives "intelligence" to the computer. • USER = Person, who operates computer. A computer is a device that you can use to store, manipulate, and display text, numbers, images, and sounds. Personal Computer A personal computer is a small, relatively inexpensive computer that is designed for use by one person at a time. It allows you to perform personal tasks such as creating documents, communicating with other people, and playing games. The abbreviation PC is most often used to refer to computers that run the Microsoft Windows operating system, as well as to differentiate them from Macintosh computers. Why Computer? The word ‘Computer’ literally means to ‘Compute’ or to ‘Calculate’. Stated simply, it is an electronic device which processes information based on the instructions provided, to generate the desired output. It, therefore, requires two types of input – raw data, and the set of instructions to process or act upon the data. This can schematically be shown in Figure 1.1. Outpu Data Process Output Instructions Input Figure: Processing Information Data can be of any type – text, numeric, alpha-numeric, image, picture, sound etc. The instructions. 1 that act upon this data are also called the program or software in computer terminology. 3 | P a g e Advantages of Computers Because of the many advantages of a computer, it has become an important household item. A computer operated by an individual without any specific computer operator is called a personal computer (PC). A PC can be a desktop or a laptop computer and can be used at home or at office. As per the requirement of the user, software is installed in a PC. Let's discuss the advantages of computers. One can write more effectively by means of a computer. There are tools like spelling and grammar checker, thesaurus and dictionary, installed in the computer. Thus, it takes less time to proofread a written document and also, there is no need to open up a dictionary book to look for meanings of words. Typing is much faster than writing on a paper. If there is a need for reorganizing the sentences or paragraphs, one can cut and paste and make the necessary changes. Thus, overall a computer allows the user to create documents, edit, print, and store them so that they can be retrieved later. Using a computer, one can remain connected to the world through Internet. Internet is a network of computers that communicates via the Internet Protocol Suite (TCP/IP). The World Wide Web (WWW) or simply web is a huge resource of information that can be accessed via the Internet. To mention a few of the resources, there are electronic mail (e-mail), file transferring and sharing, online chat, and gaming. The Internet allows people from around the world to share knowledge, ideas and experiences in any field. But, there are both advantages and disadvantages of Internet. E-mail is a method of communication used globally and is provided with a system of creating, storing and forwarding mails. It may consist of text messages with attachments of audio-visual clips. One can also download or upload files using the Internet. There are also facilities like online chatting available on the Internet. As compared to telephonic conversation, both e-mail and online chat are cost saving. Online gaming is another important resource of the WWW. Many online games are available, which are of common interest for any age group. In addition, one can read current news, check weather conditions, plan vacations and make hotel and travel reservations, find out about diseases and treatment methods, conduct transactions, learn about specific countries and their cultures, seek jobs, buy products, etc via the Internet. Nowadays, computers are widely used for education and training purposes. In schools, computer education has been made compulsory to spread awareness about computers. As a matter of fact, computers have become a learning tool for children. Also, there are many universities that provide online degrees, which is very advantageous for those people staying in the remote areas and for the disabled. In fact, online education is one of the most flexible and convenient forms of learning. One can take the benefit of such 4 | P a g e online degree programs staying at home without the need of relocation. Computers are also used for training purposes. Many companies use them to train their staffs. However, in spite of the many advantages of computers, there are some disadvantages that cannot be ignored. The easy access to information via Internet has made students lazy in terms of their education since they are able to download information without exploring their topic of research. They also use computers for mathematical tables and calculations without actually solving the problems. Also, it is important for parents to keep a check on the browsing habits of their children as some websites are not meant for their viewing. Other disadvantages include identity theft and virus threat. Computers viruses are harmful to the systems and can be transferred from one computer system to another. Disadvantages of computer. There are a lot of advandantages of using computer and it's necessary to handle it in our life. You can research so many information through the internet. When you do your homework, you can earily find some pictures and vidioes and you can use them as a reference. If you get used to use the computer, it's better to get a good job and in some companies, they insist us to get some certification about computer. So the importance of computer is becoming strengthen. But some experts alert the danger of the computer addiction disorder. Especially for the children, they can be easily hooked on the computer games. Instead of doing homework, studying or playing with friends, they seclude and just play computer untill late at night. so they can concentrate the teacher's words and it destroys their schooling. There is another problem of computer. Because of anonymity, some people can deceive other people and it might be a fraud. For example, there is a website where the people can post the advertisement and sell certain products. Throught that site, you paid for one dictionary. But when you recieve and open it, there is a brick, not the dictionary. Nowadays, the electronic commerce is getting popurlar, so it might happen like upper situaion. When you use the computer a lot, it attacks your eye sight. The experts warn not to use the computer longer than 1 hour and after using it, you have to take a rest for your eyes. But people mostly use the computer longer than one hour and for the children, they can't easily refuse the temtation of computer. Besides these, there are a lots of disadvantages such as illegal downloading and becomming violent.