Ref. Ares(2018)1753826 - 30/03/2018 Research and Innovation action H2020-MG-2016-2017 Car sharing in Europe: a multidimensional classification and inventory Deliverable D2.1 Version n° 1 Authors: Johannes Rodenbach, Jeffrey Mathis (AUTON); Andrea Chicco, Marco Diana (POLITO); validation activities were carried out by Gunnar Nehrke (bcs) and experts from FHB and ICLEI; data gathering was conducted by all STARS partners. www.stars-h2020.eu This project has received funding from the Horizon 2020 programme under the grant agreement n°769513 Car sharing in Europe: a multidimensional classification and inventory Document Information Grant Agreement 769513 Project Title Shared mobility opporTunities And challenges foR European citieS Project Acronym STARS Project Start Date 06 October 2017 Related work package WP 2 – Car sharing in European cities: actual status and trends Related task(s) Task 2.1 - Typologies of car sharing practices in Europe and focus on a representative sample of EU cities Lead Organisation AUTON Submission date 30 March 2018 Dissemination Level Public History Date Submitted by Reviewed by Version (Notes) 30/3/2018 Johannes Rodenbach Marco Diana, Peter 1 Wells, Stefano Beccaria GA n°769513 Page 2 of 132 Car sharing in Europe: a multidimensional classification and inventory Table of contents SUMMARY .............................................................................................................................. 9 1 Introduction and research strategy ............................................................................. 13 1.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 13 1.1.1 Definition of car sharing ....................................................................................................... 13 1.1.2 Business models .................................................................................................................... 14 1.1.3 Operational characteristics ................................................................................................... 16 1.1.4 Categories of car sharing ..................................................................................................... 17 1.2 Research strategy .............................................................................................................. 18 1.2.1 Desktop research ................................................................................................................... 19 1.2.2 In-depth survey research in 20 European cities ................................................................ 20 2 Desktop research in EU: a descriptive analysis ........................................................... 21 2.1 Geographical dispersion in Europe .................................................................................. 21 2.1.1 Researched services and countries in EU ........................................................................... 21 2.1.2 A closer look in different European regions ...................................................................... 22 2.2 Business model .................................................................................................................. 25 2.3 Categories of car sharing .................................................................................................. 27 2.3.1 Roundtrip ............................................................................................................................... 27 2.3.2 Free floating ........................................................................................................................... 27 2.3.3 Peer-to-peer........................................................................................................................... 27 2.3.4 Car sharing services with multiple operational characteristics........................................ 28 2.4 Organisational form .......................................................................................................... 29 2.5 Reserving and opening the car ........................................................................................ 30 2.5.1 Reservation of the shared car .............................................................................................. 30 2.5.2 Opening technology ............................................................................................................. 32 2.6 Pricing ................................................................................................................................. 33 2.6.1 Subscription and deposit ..................................................................................................... 33 2.6.2 Pricing per trip ....................................................................................................................... 35 2.7 Insurance ............................................................................................................................ 37 2.8 Number of cars .................................................................................................................. 37 3 In-depth research in 20 cities ....................................................................................... 39 3.1 Categories of car sharing .................................................................................................. 39 3.1.1 Roundtrip ............................................................................................................................... 39 3.1.2 Free floating ........................................................................................................................... 40 3.1.3 Peer-to-peer (P2P) ................................................................................................................ 40 3.1.4 Desktop versus in-depth research ...................................................................................... 40 3.2 Organizational form and shareholders ............................................................................ 41 3.3 Starting year ....................................................................................................................... 42 3.4 Being active in more than one city .................................................................................. 44 3.5 Cooperation with external partners ................................................................................ 45 3.5.1 Cooperation with public transport ...................................................................................... 45 GA n°769513 Page 3 of 132 Car sharing in Europe: a multidimensional classification and inventory 3.5.2 Cooperation with other partners ......................................................................................... 45 3.6 Registration ........................................................................................................................ 46 3.7 Parking regulations ........................................................................................................... 47 3.8 Insurance models ............................................................................................................... 47 3.9 Pricing ................................................................................................................................. 48 3.9.1 Parameters ............................................................................................................................. 48 3.9.2 Average price per trip ........................................................................................................... 49 3.10 Fleet characteristics ........................................................................................................... 52 3.10.1 Type of cars ............................................................................................................................ 52 3.10.2 Sustainability of the fleet ...................................................................................................... 52 3.11 Service dimension .............................................................................................................. 54 3.11.1 Number of cars ...................................................................................................................... 54 3.11.2 Number of members ............................................................................................................ 55 3.11.3 Number of customers in 2017 ............................................................................................. 56 3.11.4 Number of trips ..................................................................................................................... 57 3.11.5 Distance and duration of the trips ...................................................................................... 57 4 Multidimensional typology of European car sharing services ................................. 59 4.1 Methodological steps ........................................................................................................ 59 4.2 Relevant variables for the classification exercise ........................................................... 60 4.2.1 The pivot variable: category of car sharing ........................................................................ 60 4.2.2 Relationships with fleet size ................................................................................................