Comparative Kainji: Main text Roger Blench and Stuart McGill Circulation draft THE KAINJI LANGUAGES of NORTHWESTERN and CENTRAL NIGERIA MAY 2012 VERSION CIRCULATION DRAFT ONLY Roger Blench Stuart McGill Kay Williamson Educational Foundation SOAS 8, Guest Road Cambridge CB1 2AL United Kingdom Voice/Ans 0044-(0)1223-560687 Mobile worldwide (00-44)-(0)7967-696804 E-mail [email protected] http://www.rogerblench.info/RBOP.htm i Comparative Kainji: Main text Roger Blench and Stuart McGill Circulation draft To the memory of Clark Regnier (1962) whose survey work initiated this project ii Comparative Kainji: Main text Roger Blench and Stuart McGill Circulation draft TABLE OF CONTENTS FIGURES..........................................................................................................................................................IV MAPS................................................................................................................................................................IV PREFACE ......................................................................................................................................................... V ACKNOWLEDGMENTS................................................................................................................................ V 1. INTRODUCTION: THE KAINJI LANGUAGES ..................................................................................... 1 1.2 Existing materials and survey work....................................................................................................... 2 2. OVERVIEW OF THE KAINJI LANGUAGES.......................................................................................... 2 2.1 General...................................................................................................................................................... 2 2.2 Distribution of Kainji languages............................................................................................................. 3 2.2.1 Geographical Situation ....................................................................................................................... 3 2.2.2 Human population............................................................................................................................... 4 2.3 Classification ............................................................................................................................................ 4 2.3.1 Internal classification.......................................................................................................................... 4 2.3.2 External affiliation .............................................................................................................................. 5 2.4 Language development............................................................................................................................ 6 3. PRINCIPAL LANGUAGE GROUPINGS.................................................................................................. 7 3.1 Reshe (Gungawa) ..................................................................................................................................... 7 3.2 Lake (Shen and Rerang).......................................................................................................................... 8 3.2.1 General................................................................................................................................................ 8 3.2.2 Shen [Laru] ......................................................................................................................................... 8 3.2.3 Shuba .................................................................................................................................................. 8 3.2.4 Rerang................................................................................................................................................. 9 3.2.3.1 General......................................................................................................................................... 9 3.2.3.2 Rop............................................................................................................................................... 9 3.2.3.4 Classification................................................................................................................................ 9 3.3 Kambari.................................................................................................................................................... 9 3.3.1 Introduction......................................................................................................................................... 9 3.3.2 The Eastern cluster............................................................................................................................ 11 3.3.3 The Western cluster .......................................................................................................................... 11 3.3.4 Cicipu................................................................................................................................................ 11 3.3.4.1 The Cicipu language .................................................................................................................. 11 3.3.4.2 Cicipu culture............................................................................................................................. 11 3.4 The Basa cluster ..................................................................................................................................... 12 3.5 The Kamuku group ............................................................................................................................... 13 3.5.1 Introduction....................................................................................................................................... 13 3.5.2 Hungwəryə [=Ngwoi].......................................................................................................................14 3.5.3 The Kamuku complex....................................................................................................................... 15 3.5.3.1 Introductory................................................................................................................................ 15 3.5.3.2 Cinda-Regi languages ................................................................................................................ 15 3.5.3.3 Səgəmuk [=Zubazuba] ............................................................................................................... 16 3.5.3.4 Kagare ........................................................................................................................................ 16 3.5.4 Rogo.................................................................................................................................................. 16 3.5.5 Shama-Sambuga ............................................................................................................................... 16 3.5.6 Makɨci............................................................................................................................................... 16 3.5.7 Inkwai and others.............................................................................................................................. 16 3.6 The Shiroro languages........................................................................................................................... 18 3.6.1 Introduction....................................................................................................................................... 18 3.6.2 Rin (Rĩ) (=Pongu)............................................................................................................................. 18 3.6.3 Fungwa [=Ura].................................................................................................................................. 19 3.6.4 Gurmana ........................................................................................................................................... 19 3.6.5 Bauchi [=Baushi] cluster .................................................................................................................. 19 3.6.6 Subclassification of the Shiroro languages....................................................................................... 20 3.7 East Kainji.............................................................................................................................................. 21 i Comparative Kainji: Main text Roger Blench and Stuart McGill Circulation draft 3.7.1 Languages ......................................................................................................................................... 21 3.7.2 Individual language notes ................................................................................................................. 23 3.7.2.1 Gbiri ........................................................................................................................................... 23 3.7.3 Societies............................................................................................................................................ 24 3.8 The Northwest group............................................................................................................................