Notes and References PART I Chapter 2 1. Figure 2 was adapted from "Study in Human Starvation. 1. Sources of Selected Foods," Plate 8, Atlas of Diseases (New York: American Geograph­ ical Society, 1953). 2. Figure 3 was adapted from "Study in Human Starvation. 2. Diets and Deflciency Diseases," Plate 9, Atlas of Diseases (New York: American Geo­ graphical Society, 1953). 3. Figure 4 was adapted from W. S. Woytinsky, and E. S. Woytinsky, World Population and Production (New York: The Twentieth Century Fund, 1953), p. 421. 4. Kingsley Davis, "Population and the Further Spread of Industrial Society," Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, XCV: 1 (1951), pp. 8-19. 5. Figure 5 was compiled by John Lyman from the 1953 Appendix to Lloyd's Register; the World Almanac (1952); and the Bulletin of the American Bu­ reau of Shipping (October 1953). A number of dependent territories were rated on the basis of personal judgment. 6. Figure 6 was adapted from W. S. Woytinsky, and E. S. Woytinsky, World Commerce and Governments (New York: The Twentieth Century Fund, 1955), p. 317. 7. Figure 7 is based on data supplied by the U.S. Navy Hydrographic Office. Chapter 3 1. For the purpose of this model, I assume that it takes flve pounds of food to produce one pound of flsh flesh, and an additional amount equal to 3 per cent of the body weight, daily, for maintenance. This is a guess, based on data from feeding studies carried on with trout and other species. I have used growth and length-weight data on striped bass as published by Eugene C. Scofleld, "A Simple Method of Age Determination of Striped Bass," Calt­ fomia Fish and Game XVIII (1932), No.2, 168-70. 2. H. W. Jackson and R. E. Tiller, "Preliminary Observations on Spawning Po­ tential in the Striped Bass (Roccus saxatilis Waldbaum)," Publication 93, Chesapeake Biological Laboratory, 1952, 1-16. Chapter 4 1. Fenner A. Chace, Jr., <'The Current Status of the Systematics of Invertebrate Animals other than Insects," Appendix A in Conference on the Importance 297 298 NOTES AND REFERENCES and Needs of Systematics in Biology (mimeographed; Washington, D.C.: National Academy of Science, National Research Council, 1953), A1-A9. Chapter 5 1. John B. Taft, Hydrography in Relation to Fisheries, being the Buckland Lectures for 1938 (London: Edward Arnold, Ltd., 1952). 2. California Cooperative Sardine Research Program, Progress Report Tanuary 1, 1951 to Tune SO, 1952. 3. Reprinted with permission from Paul Horrer and Roger Revelle, "The Ocean off the California Coast," in CliHord M. Zierer (ed.), Califomia and the South­ west, pp. 80-96. Copyright, 1956, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 4. Oscar E. Sette, "Consideration of Micfocean Fish Production as Related to Oceanic Circulatory Systems," Sears Foundation TournaI of Marine Research XIV (1955), No.4, 398-414. 5. Alfred C. Redfield, "The Effect of the Circulation of Water on the Distribu­ tion of the Calanoid Community in the Gulf of Maine," Biological Bulletin, LXXX (1941), 86-110. 6. D. Damas, "Notes biologiques sur les copepods de la Mer Norvegienne," Con­ seil Permanent International Pour I'Exploration de Ia Mer, Copenhagen, Publications de Circonstance, No. 22 (1905). 7. Alfred C. Redfield, "The History of a Population of Limacina retroversa During its Drift Across the Gulf of Maine," Biological Bulletin, LXXVI (1939), 26-47. 8. R. Splirck, "Fluctuations in the Stock of Oyster (Ostrea edulis) in the Lim­ fjord in Recent Time," Conseil Permanent International Pour I'Exploration de la Mer, Copenhagen, Rapports et Proces-Verbaux des Reunions, CXXVIII, Contributions to special scientific meetings, 1949 (1951), No.2. 27-29. 9. R. E. Savage, "The Influence of Phaeocystis on the Migrations of the Herring," British Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, Fishery Investigations, Series 2, XII (1930), No.2. 10. A. C. Hardy and E. R. Gunther., "The Plankton of the South Georgia Whaling Grounds and Adjacent Waters, 1926-1927," Discovery Reports, XI (1936). 11. R. Bainbridge, "Movement of Zooplankton in Diatom Gradients," Nature, CLXIII (1949),910-11. 12. See, for example, F. W. Knorrich, "Shldien iiber die Erniihrungsbedingungen einiger fiir die Fischproduktion wichtiger Mikroorganismen des Siisswassers," Forschungsberichte aus der biologischen Station zu PlOn, VIII (1901), 1-52. 13. August Krogh, "Dissolved Substances as Food of Aquatic Organisms," Conseil Permanent International Pour I'Exploration de la Mer, Copenhagen, Rapports et Proces-Verbaux des Reunions, LXXV (1931),7-36. 14. H. W. Harvey, "Substances Controlling the Growth of a Diatom," TournaI of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, XXIII (1939). No.2. 499-520. 15. Douglas P. Wilson, "A Biological Difference Between Natural Sea Waters," Toumal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, XXX (1951). No.1. 1-19. 16. William D. Rosenfeld and Claude E. ZoBeII, "Antibiotic Production by Marine Microorganisms," TournaI of Bacteriology, LIV (1947), 393-98. 17. Bostwick H. Ketchum, Cornelia L. Carey. and Margaret Briggs, "Prelimina~ Studies on the Viability and Dispersal of Coliform Bacteria in the Sea, Limnological Aspects of Water Supply and Waste Disposal (Washington, D.C.: American Association for the Advancement of Science, 1949), pp. 64­ 73. 18. Bostwick H. Ketchum. John C. Ayres. and Ralph F. Vaccaro, "Processes Con­ tributing to the Decrease of Coliform Bacteria in a Tidal Estuary," Ecology, XXXIII (1952), 247-58. NOTES AND REFERENCES 299 19. C. E. Lucas, "The Ecological Effects of External Metabolites," Biological Reviews, XXII (1947),270-94. 20. Albert Collier, Sammy Ray, and Wayne Magnitzky, "A Preliminary Note on Naturally Occurring Organic Substances in Sea Water Affecting the Feed­ ing of Oysters," Science, CXI (1950), No. 2876, 151-52. 21. Claude E. ZoBell, Marine Microbiology, A Monograph on Hydrobacteriology (Waltham, Mass.: Chronica Botanica, 1946). 22. Gordon A. Riley, Henry Stommel, and Dean F. Bumpus, "Quantitative Ecol­ ogy of the Plankton of the Western North Atlantic," Bulletin of the Bingham Oceanographic Collection, XII (1949), No.3, 1-169. Chapter 6 1. Harden F. Taylor et a1., Survey of Marine Fisheries of North Carolina (Raleigh: University of North Carolina Press, 1951). 2. Martin D. Burkenroad, "Some Principles of Marine Fishery Biology," Publica­ tions of the Institute of Marine Science, II (1951), No.1, 177-212. 3. Lionel A. Walford, "The Case for Studying Normal Patterns in Fishery Biology," Journal of Marine Research, VII (1948), No.3, 506-10. 4. F. M. Davis, "Quantitative Studies on the Fauna of the Sea Bottom. No.1: Preliminary Investigation of the Dogger Bank," British Ministry of Agricul­ ture and Fisheries, Fishery Investigations, Series 2, VI (1923), No.2, 1-54. 5. Erik Ursin, "Change in the Composition of the Bottom Fauna of the Dogger Bank Area," Nature, CLXX (1952),324. 6. L. Birkett, "Change in the Composition of the Bottom Fauna of the Dogger Bank Area," Nature, CLXXI (1953),265. 7. H. Blegvad, "Quantitative Investigations of Bottom Invertebrates in the Lim­ fjord 1910-1927, with Special Reference to the Plaice-Food," Report of the Danish Biological Station, XXXIV (1928), 33-52. 8. Richard E. Sayles, "The Trash Fishery of Southern New England in 1950," Commerical Fisheries Review, XIII (1951), No.7, 1-4. Chapter 7 1. E. S. Russell, The Behaviour of Animals, an Introduction to Its Study (2d ed.; London: Edward Arnold, Ltd., 1938). 2. Ibid. 3. Albert L. Tester, Establishing Tuna and Other Pelagic Fishes in Ponds and Tanks, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Special Scientific Report: Fisheries No. 71 (1952). 4. P. B. van Weel, "Observations on the Chemoreception of Tuna," Part II of Reaction of Tuna and Other Fish to Stimuli, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Special Scientific Report: Fisheries No. 91 (1952), 8-35. 5. Albert L. Tester, Heeny Yuen, and Michio Takata, Reaction of Tuna to Stimuli, 1953, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Special Scientific Report: Fish­ eries No. 134 (1954), 33; and Albert L. Tester et a1., Reaction of Tuna to Stimuli, 1952-53, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Special Scientific Report: Fisheries No. 130 (1955), 1-124. 6. Pacific Oceanic Fishery Investigations, Progress in 1954 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 1955). Prepared for the Tuna Industry Ad­ visory Committee meeting. 7. Sidney C. Hsiao, "Observations on the Reaction of Tuna to Artificial Light," Part III of Reaction of Tunas and Other Fish to Stimuli, 1951, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Special Scientific Report: Fisheries No. 91 (1952), 36-58. 8. W. N. Kello~g and Robert Kohler, "Reactions of the Porpoise to Ultrasonic Frequencies," Science, CXVI (1952), No. 3010, 250-53. 300 NOTES AND REFERENCES 9. Marie Poland Fish, "The Character and SignifIcance of Sound Production Among Fishes of the Western North Atlantic," Bulletin of the Bingham Oceanographic Collection, XIV (1954). 10. Yoshio Hiyama, "Underwater Animal Sounds Around Japan," Records of Oceanographic Works in Japan, I, (1954), No.2, 105-11. 11. D. R. Griffin, Underwater Sounds and the Orientation of Marine Animals, a Preliminary Survey, Project NR 162-429, Contract No. ONR 264, t.o.9 between the Office of Naval Research and Cornell University, Technical Report 3 (1950). 12. C. M. Breder, Jr., "Studies on the Structure of the Fish School," Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, XCVIII (1951), 7-27. 13. Ibid. 14. I. D. Richardson, "Some Reactions of Pelagic Fish to Light as Recorded by Echo-sounding," Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, Fishery Investigations, Series 2, XVIII (London, 1952), No. 1. 15. Maurice Ewing, Allyn Vine, and J. L. Worzel, "Photography of the Ocean Bottom," Journal of the Optical Society of America, XXXVI (1946), 307­ 21. 16. H. G. Vevers, "Photography of the Sea Floor," Journal of the Marine Bio­ logical Association of the United Kingdom, XXX (1951), 101-11; and Henry G.