Tourism the International Business © Copyright © 2010 by Robert Christie Mill This work is licensed under a Creative Commons-ShareAlike 4.0 International License Contents About the author ............................................................................................................1 Preface ............................................................................................................................2 Chapter 1 Tourism: its historical development...........................................................5 Learning objectives ..................................................................................................................5 Tourism through the ages .......................................................................................................5 Chapter 2 Who is the tourist?......................................................................................39 Learning objectives ................................................................................................................39 Motivations..............................................................................................................................39 Segments of the market.........................................................................................................43 Factors influencing the location of tourism.........................................................................49 Patterns of travel ....................................................................................................................54 Chapter 3 How do tourists travel?..............................................................................58 Learning objectives ................................................................................................................58 Modes of transportation........................................................................................................58 Marketing of passenger transportation...............................................................................73 Chapter 4 Where do tourists go?.................................................................................82 Learning objectives ................................................................................................................82 Tourism destinations: attractions and tourist flows ..........................................................82 Regions of the world ..............................................................................................................83 Western Europe ......................................................................................................................94 Southern Europe.................................................................................................................. 102 Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union ............................................................................... 105 Africa and the Middle East.................................................................................................. 107 Asia and the Pacific.............................................................................................................. 111 Chapter 5 How is tourism organized? ......................................................................115 Learning objectives ............................................................................................................. 115 International......................................................................................................................... 115 National organizations ........................................................................................................ 118 State organizations.............................................................................................................. 125 Private business firms and organizations......................................................................... 128 Chapter 6 Why develop tourism?..............................................................................130 Learning objectives ............................................................................................................. 130 Goals of tourism development ......................................................................................... 130 Economic impacts of tourism............................................................................................. 131 Social impacts....................................................................................................................... 139 Cultural impact..................................................................................................................... 143 Environmental impact......................................................................................................... 146 Chapter 7 The planning of tourism...........................................................................150 Learning objectives ............................................................................................................. 150 Why plan?.............................................................................................................................. 150 What is planning?................................................................................................................. 153 Importance of data collection ............................................................................................ 156 Chapter 8 Developing tourism ..................................................................................162 Learning objectives ............................................................................................................. 162 The development process .................................................................................................. 162 Market analysis .................................................................................................................... 163 Planning and engineering analysis .................................................................................... 178 Socioeconomic analysis ...................................................................................................... 180 Business and legal analysis ................................................................................................ 181 Synthesis of basic data........................................................................................................ 189 Selection of development areas ....................................................................................... 190 Preparation of area-wide master plans ............................................................................ 191 Economic feasibility ............................................................................................................. 197 Administrative and legal plan............................................................................................. 201 Overall financial feasibility.................................................................................................. 202 Chapter 9 The management of tourism...................................................................205 Learning objectives ............................................................................................................. 205 How to develop leadership................................................................................................. 205 Coordination of tourism ..................................................................................................... 215 Visitor services...................................................................................................................... 227 Anticipating and planning service needs .......................................................................... 229 Coordination of visitor services ......................................................................................... 230 Training for visitor services................................................................................................. 231 The public awareness program ......................................................................................... 235 Establishing tourist information centers .......................................................................... 245 Evaluating the visitor services program............................................................................ 248 Chapter 10 Tourism promotion.................................................................................251 Learning objectives ............................................................................................................. 251 Developing the promotional plan...................................................................................... 253 Chapter 11 Travel distribution systems...................................................................265 Learning objectives ............................................................................................................. 265 Tourism distribution systems............................................................................................. 265 The role of the tour wholesaler.......................................................................................... 268 Role of the retail travel agent ............................................................................................. 280 Chapter 12 Future trends...........................................................................................287