Communities in the Platinum Minefields POLICY GAP 6 A Review of Platinum Mining in the Bojanala District of the North West Province: A Participatory Action Research (PAR) Approach The Bench Marks Foundation The research was commissioned by the Bench Marks Foundation, and was conducted by: David van Wyk, Mudjadji Trading (Pty) Ltd in collaboration with the Bench Marks Centre for Corporate Social Responsibility at the North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, and the Bench Marks Community Monitoring School. The Bench Marks Foundation PO Box 62538 Marshalltown 2107 Johannesburg South Africa Tel/Fax: +27 11 832-1750 Tel: +27 11 832-1743/2 www.bench-marks.org.za Table of Contents Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................. i The Bench Marks Foundation ............................................................................................ ii Foreword ............................................................................................................................ iii Preface ................................................................................................................................. v Executive Summary ........................................................................................................... vi Contextualised Quotes ...................................................................................................... ix 1. INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Background ............................................................................................................. 1 1.2 Objectives................................................................................................................ 3 2. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ................................................................................... 4 2.1 Research Locus....................................................................................................... 4 2.2 Participatory Action Research (PAR) ....................................................................... 4 2.3 PAR Research Process ........................................................................................... 6 2.4 First and Second Phase: The Self-Perception (Private Image) and the Public Image of the Corporations .................................................................................................. 9 2.5 Third Phase: The Experienced/Reputational Personalities of the Corporations under Review .................................................................................................................. 11 2.5.1 Social Communication ........................................................................................... 12 2.5.2 Taking Pictures ...................................................................................................... 18 2.5.3 Participatory Mapping ............................................................................................ 19 2.5.4 Story Writing .......................................................................................................... 20 2.6 Fourth Phase: Review of Policy Gap 1 .................................................................. 21 3. THE CORPORATION AS PERSONALITY ............................................................... 22 3.1 The Corporation..................................................................................................... 22 3.2 The Bench Marks Principles for Global Corporate Responsibility .......................... 24 3.3 The Corporate Personality Approach ..................................................................... 25 4. PROFILE OF BOJANALA DISTRICT ....................................................................... 29 4.1 Background on the Bojanala District ...................................................................... 29 4.2 The Employment Profile of the District ................................................................... 30 4.3 The Services and Infrastructure Situation in the Bojanala District .......................... 32 4.4 Housing Backlog in the Bojanala District ............................................................... 35 4.5 Education Facilities in the Bojanala District............................................................ 38 4.6 Health and HIV/AIDS in the Bojanala District ......................................................... 39 4.7 Comments on the Bojanala District Profile ............................................................. 41 5. FINDINGS ................................................................................................................. 43 5.1 Anglo Platinum .................................................................................................... 43 5.1.1 Private and Public Personalities ............................................................................ 43 5.1.2 The Experienced Personality of Anglo Platinum .................................................... 46 5.1.2.1 Women in Mining ................................................................................................... 46 5.1.2.2 HDSA's in Management and Occupational Levels ................................................. 49 5.1.2.3 Plans to Build 20 000 Houses over the Next Ten Years ......................................... 50 5.1.2.4 Multi-million Rand Black Economic Empowerment Deal for Communities ............. 52 5.1.2.5 People with Disabilities, Mine Health and Safety ................................................... 55 5.1.2.6 Environmental Impacts .......................................................................................... 58 5.2 Impala Platinum ................................................................................................... 59 5.2.1 Private and Public Personalities ............................................................................ 59 5.2.1.1 Sustainability ......................................................................................................... 61 5.2.1.2 Employee Health and Safety ................................................................................. 62 5.2.1.3 HIV/AIDS ............................................................................................................... 62 5.2.1.4 Tuberculosis .......................................................................................................... 63 5.2.1.5 Environmental Performance .................................................................................. 63 5.2.1.6 Social Performance ............................................................................................... 64 5.2.2 The Experienced Personality of Impala Platinum ................................................... 64 5.2.2.1 Mine Fatalities ....................................................................................................... 65 5.2.2.2 Environmental Impacts .......................................................................................... 69 5.3 Lonmin ................................................................................................................. 70 5.3.1 Private and Public Personalities ............................................................................ 70 5.3.2 Lonmin‟s Experienced Personality ......................................................................... 72 5.3.2.1 Worker Health and Safety ...................................................................................... 72 5.3.2.2 Lonmin and Local Employment in Marikana .......................................................... 76 5.3.2.3 Lonmin CSR project in Marikana ........................................................................... 76 5.3.2.4 The Impact of Mining on Commercial Agriculture in the Marikana Area ................. 77 5.4 Xstrata .................................................................................................................. 82 5.4.1 Public and Private Personalities ............................................................................ 82 5.4.1.1 Xstrata‟s HIV/AIDS Programmes ........................................................................... 85 5.4.1.2 Employment .......................................................................................................... 86 5.4.2 The Experienced Personality of Xstrata ................................................................. 86 5.4.2.1 HIV/AIDS Impacts on Mineworkers and Communities ........................................... 86 5.4.2.2 Employment of Locals ........................................................................................... 88 5.4.2.3 General ................................................................................................................. 88 5.5 Aquarius ............................................................................................................... 89 5.5.1 Private and Public Personalities ............................................................................ 89 5.5.1.1 Risk Management .................................................................................................. 90 5.5.1.2 Black Economic Empowerment ............................................................................. 91 5.5.1.3 Creating Employment ............................................................................................ 92 5.5.1.4 Accommodation and