BIO 182 1st Edition Exam # 2 Study Guide Directions: Please attempt this study guide before coming to the exam review. Try to answer the questions without your notes, this will test how well you understand the material. 1. Compare and contrast the 5 Whittaker Kingdoms; include cellularity, feeding form, nucleus type, cell material, and any extra characteristics: Monera—bacteria: autotrophic, prokaryotic Protista—protozoa/algae: autotrophic & heterotrophic, prokaryotic Fungi: heterotrophic & eukaryotic more closely related to animals Plantae: autotrophic, cellulose cell wall, multicellular, phragmoplast- type of cytokinesis, sporic life cycle Animalia: heterotrophic & eukaryotic, lack cell walls Traits for Classification: 2. Draw and be able to explain the 3 life cycles, indicate which cycle is found in all plants: -Zygotic Life Cycle: in some protists or algae -Gametic Life Cycle: protists and animals -Sporic Life Cycle: protists and all plants: aka alternation of generation 3. Describe the 3 gamete types, indicate which gametes are found in all plants: 1. Isogametes: Cannot tell gametes apart 2. Anisogametes: Can tell the difference between gametes 3. Oogametes: One large egg and small sperm 4. Describe and draw the 4 types of cytokinesis, indicate which cytokinesis is found in all plants: These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute. 1. Prokaryote Fission: splitting of the cytoplasm (not always equally split) 2. Animal Fission: Nonrandom, the mitochondria divides independently of the nucleus 3. Phycoplast in Protista: Made of microtubules derived from spindle, function is direct, cell wall contains vesicles to the center of cell 4. Phragmoplast in plants and Protista: Microtubules derived from spindle, oriented to the right and angles to formed spindles. Function is oriented cell wall filled vesicles to center all. 5. What pigments, storage forms of energy, and cell wall materials are found in all plants? Pigments: Chlorophylls Chlorophyll a—some algae, all plants Chlorophyll b—some algae, all plants Chlorophyll c—some algae, no plants Chlorophyll d—some algae, no plants Accessary pigments: Phycobilins-some algae, no plants and Carotenoids- algae and plants Storage products Oils: some algae, some plants Starch: a. Floridian starch: some algae, no plants b. Mannitol: some algae c. Laminarian: some algae d. Starch: some algae, all plants 6. Describe the characteristic is the distinguishing difference between algae and plants? Characteristics common to all plants and some algae: cellulose cell wall, multicellular, oogametes, sporic life cycle, phragmosplast, Chlorophyll a and b, carotenoids, store starch, Plants, NOT algae have sterile jacketed sec organs Algae: 7. Describe the 5 divisions of algae; include any stories associated with the algae: Cyanobacteria: Green /Blue Algae Chlorophyta: Green Algae Unicellular, filamentous, colonial, multicellular Habitat - damp soil, lakes, ponds Life Cycle - haploid (1n) dominant - undergo asexual reproduction via mitosis Energy - swim towards light using a Stigma (red light-sensing eye spot) and Two flagella Defence - if habitat dries up, sex is undertaken to create a resistant dormant zygospore Rhodophyta: Red Algae: Habitat: tropical oceans Unique: multicellular and red pigment which absorbs blue-green light of deep water Life Cycle: Diploid dominant, but no conceptacles/ Sexual: complex cycle with non-motile gametes. Asexual: spores released from cystocarps where mitosis occurs. Phaeophyta: Brown Algae: Habitat: costal rocks or ocean floor, kelp forests provide habitat to marine life. Gelatinous sheath protects it from drying out Unique: Diploid dominant. Asexual: spores bud off blades. Sexual: uses complex multicellular sex organs called conceptacles Energy: Still photosynthesis, use floats filled with air to keep blades near surface of water. Blades: increase SA for photosynthesis Stipe: up tp 100m long, allows algae to reach its blades from ocean floor to the sunlit water Holdfast: allows for attachment to rocks Chrysophyta: (Diatoms): Habitat: Oceam: on kelp or free floating Unique: Unicellular, golden pigment, 2 part silica cell o Ornate glass cell walls: silica & Bilaterally symmetrical (“di-atoms”) Energy: swim towards light using oil density changes to control their buoyancy or by secreting slime (polysaccharide ooze) to slide along the ocean floor or a rock or other algae..