2A-1 Appendix 2A Australian New States Proposals New State proposals pre-dated Federation in the form of New Colony proposals. Victoria and Queensland successfully formed New Colonies after their separation from New South Wales in 1851 and 1859 respectively (McNaughtan 1955: 99, 110), and there were many unsuccessful attempts to form new colonies prior to Federation as well. The six Australian Colonies that became the six States at Federation had thus all been established as separate Colonies by 1859, when Queensland separated from New South Wales, and by 1863 the boundaries had been established that remain in place in 2005, except for the modifications arising with the establishments of the ACT and NT as Federal Territories in 1911 (Hartwell 1955: 82-83; Jaensch 1996: 205-206). Six External Territories have also been acquired by the Australian Commonwealth since Federation: Norfolk Island (acquired in 1913), the Australian Antarctic Territory (1931), the Heard and Macdonald Islands (1947), the Cocos Islands (1955), Christmas Island (1958) and the Coral Sea Islands (Jaensch 1996: 208; Singleton et al. 2000: 71-72). No New State has ever been formed, however, despite numerous attempts to establish one or more new Australian States since Federation in 1901, in accordance with Chapter VI of Australia's Commonwealth Constitution. Appendix 2A has two sections. The first describes plans for New Australian States, or New Colonies prior to Federation, with a cartographic emphasis and in a generally chronological order, beginning with John Dunmore Lang's famous 1852 plan for eastern Australia. The second contains a compilation of media reports from 1989 through to 2006, in Table 2A-2, which describe support for New States in recent decades, This compilation shows that New States are still quite strongly supported in Australia, especially in North Queensland. Plans for New States A significant number of advocates and scholars have promoted New Colonies and New States and summarised their proposals in maps. Table 2A-1 below lists 19 such maps and shows that there have been sustained proposals for one or two additional States from within each of NSW, QLD and WA, and an additional State straddling the SA-VIC border, some of which are still being pursued in 2007. As summarised in the Australia-wide maps of Thompson, Paddison and 2A-2 Pape (see Figures 2A-2, 2A-14 and 2A-17 below), if all proposals had succeeded in achieving New States or Territories, Australia would now host some 15 to 20 States and Territories, a number supported by Moorehead (1950: 115-116): The existence of about 16 States, each guaranteed a definite proportion of loan and tax moneys and each entitled to special grants from the Grants Commission, would immeasurably strengthen the Federation [and] see the proper and full development of our resources. Table 2A-1: List of Maps Showing Proposals for New Australian States Figure(s) Number of New Author Year Showing Colonies, States or (and Organisation Publication Showing Map Map Territories Proposed if Applicable) book titled 'Freedom and Independence for the Golden 2 additional Colonies in Lands of Australia: The Right of the Colonies and the 1852 2A-1 John Dunmore Lang what is now QLD Interest of Britain ands of the World', Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans, London, 1852 6 additional States and 3 Victor C. Thompson The New State Magazine, Northern New State Movement, 1922 2A-2 additional Federal (Northern New State Tamworth Territories Australia-wide Movement) Arthur Soanes 'New State Movement in Queensland: AGENDA FOR 1923 2A-3 2 additional States in QLD (New States League of Central CONVENTION', Rockhampton, October 24 and 25, 1923, Queensland, Rockhampton) printed by "The Northern Daily Leader", Tamworth 4 additional States in NSW Ulrich Ellis (Country Party of book titled 'New Australian States', Endeavour Press, 1933 2A-4 and QLD Australia) Sydney D. H. Drummond (Country booklet titled 'The Australian Constitution and New States', 1949 2A-5 2 additional States in NSW Party of Australia) The NSW Constitutional League, NSW, 1949 Ulrich Ellis (Office of Rural booklet titled 'The Case for New States', Office of Rural 1950 2A-6 1 additional State in NSW Research) Research, Canberra 4 additional States in NSW Gordon Greenwood book titled 'Australia: A Social and Political History', 1955 2A-7 and QLD (University of Queensland) Angus and Robertson, Sydney 2 additional States and four book titled 'New States for Australia', Proceedings of J. Macdonald Holmes 1955 2A-8 "provincial regions" in Australian Institute of Political Science, Spring Forum, (University of Sydney) northern Australia Armidale, The Institute, Sydney booklet titled 'Why North Queensland needs Self A. D. Hooper (New State for 1965 2A-9 1 additional State in QLD Government', New State for North Queensland Movement, North Queensland Movement) Townsville booklet titled 'Referendum Guide: The Case for Self- Ulrich Ellis (New England 1967 2A-10 1 additional State in NSW Government', New State Referendum Council, Armidale, New State Movement) 1967 Ulrich Ellis (New State booklet titled 'Self-Government in the 70's', "Leader" Print, 1970 2A-11 1 additional State in NSW Movement of Northern Tamworth, 1970 N.S.W.) article titled 'The 'Princeland' secession movement in 1 additional State straddling 1971 2A-12 R. McL. Harris Victoria and south Australia, 1861-1867', Australian the SA-VIC border Journal of Politics and History, Vol. 14, No. 3, p. 366 article titled 'A plan to cut WA into three States', by Athol 1976 2A-13 2 additional States in WA F.C. Weir Thomas, Canberra Times, page 17, Wed 9 Jun 1976 8 additional States Ronan Paddison (University of book titled 'The Fragmented State: The Political Geography 1983 2A-14 Australia-wide Glasgow) of Power', Basil Blackwell, Oxford Article titled 'New state movements', in Australians: A 8 additional States J. R. V. (Victor) Prescott 1987 2A-15 Historical Atlas, Fairfax, Syme & Weldon Associates, Australia-wide (University of Melbourne) Broadway, NSW. Vol. 6, pp. 257, 286. 2 additional States in north Article (no author stated) titled 'Australia Needs New Geoffrey Blainey (University 1996 2A-16 WA and QLD and States', The Australian National Review, Vol. 1, No. 1, May of Melbourne) Statehood for NT 1996, p. 5. 14 to 16 additional States Article by Denis Gregory titled 'The man who's creating a Bryan Pape 2003 2A-17 including NT granted United States of Australia', Sun-Herald, 11 May 2003, p. (University of New England) Statehood 13. 3 additional States in QLD Website (current at September 2005) at www.newstates.net; 2005 2A-18 and NSW and Statehood for Ian Johnston map also shown in article by Daniel Lewis titled 'Altered NT states', Sydney Morning Herald, 25 January 2005, p. 12. Stephen Welstead, David 4 additional States in NSW 'New States for Australia' website (current at September 2005 2A-19 Hannaford and R. K. Cummins and QLD 2005) at www.newstates.com.au (of 'New States for Australia') 2A-3 Lang's 1852 Map of Seven United Provinces John Dunmore Lang (1852: ii) had in fact envisaged the division of Queensland into three separate units in his famous 1852 book 'Freedom and Independence for the Golden Lands of Australia', as in Figure 2A-1 below, as part of a seven province union (Lang 1852: 32): There would thus, under the scheme of union and of General Government which I would propose for the Australian provinces, in the event of these provinces having their freedom and independence conceded to them by the Imperial Government, be "THE SEVEN UNITED PROVINCES OF AUSTRALIA"; viz. three to the south, and three to the north, of New South Wales, with that great province in the centre. The head-quarters of the National government, as well as the capital of that central province, would be the city of Sydney on the magnificent harbour of Port Jackson. McDonald (1995: 539) notes, for example, as follows: The dream of a separate state for central Queensland is a recurring theme in Rockhampton's history: the seeds of the Separation Movement were sown as early as 1861 and revived as recently as the 1960s. The intervening century divides conveniently into four phases in which the movement has advanced and receded, with each climactic effort being demolished by "the Brisbane Government" either directly or in collusion with the Imperial Government. Southern political and commercial interests have made certain that no rival capital shall exist in either Central or Northern Queensland, but there may be even more sinister reasons for the repeated failure of the movement. Rockhampton, like a child of Victorian times, has been alternately punished for its rebelliousness and bribed by gifts (especially railways) to make it good. The punishment and the gifts, like the Separatist dream, are also part of a continuing process. Advocacy in favour of a New State for North Queensland has continued to the present day and has been regularly reported in the Townsville Bulletin and other north Queensland newspapers. Frank Rossiter formed the North Queensland Party in 1994 (Madigan 1994: 13; 1995) with the express goal of achieving a New State for North Queensland, and remained "a public promoter and fierce campaigner for North Queensland as a separate state for many years up until his death in 2001" (T. Brown 2005: 3). Rossiter (1994: 1) proposed that "the boundaries of the State of North Queensland shall extend from the parallel of twenty-two degrees South latitude", just below the township of Sarina. In May 2005, Trudy Brown (2005: 3; see also Siemon 2003: 12) reports that Rossiter's proposal remains alive in current times: LOCAL resident Harrison Duncan has reignited the debate over North Queensland statehood in Charters Towers. Mr Duncan called on locals to consider supporting the push for a North Queensland state after lamenting the neglect of the North by the Queensland Government.