Ohio Grape-Wine Short Course 1992 Proceedings Horticulture Department Series 630 '5 I The Ohio State University Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center Wooster, Ohio S2._ This page intentionally blank. PREFACE Approximately 150 persons attended the 1991 Ohio Grape-Wine Short course, which was held at the Radisson Hotel in Columbus on February 23-25. Those attending were from 9 states, not including Ohio, and represented many areas of the grape and wine industry. This course was sponsored by the Department of Horticulture, The Ohio State University, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Ohio Cooperative Extension Service, Ohio Wine Producers Association and Ohio Grape Industries Committee. All publications of the Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center are available to all potential clientele on a nondiscriminatory basis without regard to race, color, creed, religion, sexual orientation, national origin, sex, age, handicap, or Vietnam-era veteran status. 10/91-500 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Cultivar Characteristics of Ohio Vinifera Grapes by G.A. Cahoon, D.M. Scurlock, G.R. Johns, and T.A. Koch 1 Managing Vinifera Varieties for Improved Fruit Quality by David V. Peterson . 9 Wine Characteristics of Some Newer Varietals in Ohio by Roland Riesen . 16 A Little Wine Knowledge Goes a Long Way by Murli Dharmadhikari ....................................... 20 Growing Vinifera in Northeast Ohio by Arnu 1f Esterer . 32 Trends in Wine Grape Production in the Finger Lakes Region by David V. Peterson . 44 Take Another Look at Juice Clarification by J.F. Gallander, R. Riesen and J.F. Stetson ................ 51 Small Things Can Mean A Lot: ML Strains for Wines by Roland Riesen . 55 DUI As a Problem and Some of the Answers by Maj . D. G. Goodman . 66 Sensory Evaluation of Spoiled Wines by Murl i R. Dharmadhi kari . 73 Grape Spray Schedule for Controlling Diseases and Insects by M.A. Ellis, R.N. Williams, and C. Welty ................... 81 Grape Phylloxera by Murdick J. Mcleod and Roger N. Williams 92 CULTIVAR CHARACTERISTICS OF OHIO VINIFERA GRAPES G. A. Cahoon, D. M. Scurlock, G. R. Johns and T. A. Koch Department of Horticulture, The Ohio State UniversityfOARDC Wooster, Ohio Ohio has a long history of grape production: approximately 170-190 years. This history is well documented and will not be discussed in further detail. However, interspersed in this history from the earliest date are the continued trials, successes and failures of growers to produce V. vinifera (1,3,4,5,6). Whether it be modern technology, more hardy clones or cultivars, or favorable climatic conditions, the last 15 years have seen the greatest successes with vinifera in Ohio that we have ever known. Today the acreage of vinifera in Ohio is between 150 and 200 acres. This is by far the largest it has ever been and growers are very optimistic about its future. The information I wish to present to you today includes information from 5 studies conducted at various places throughout Ohio during my tenure at OSU the past 28 years. Experiment I Experiences with V. vinifera in Southern Ohio during the 1970-76 period were not very successful (2). Six cultivars: Cabernet Sauvignon, Chardonnay, Gewurztraminer, Pinot Noir, White Riesling, and Zinfandel were obtained from University of California, Davis and planted in 1970. Ten additional cultivars were also obtained from the U.S. Plant Introduction Station in Maryland. These were primarily table grapes. The vines produced fruit from 1973-1976 but were plagued by winter injury and crown gall throughout the experiment. Severe injury incurred during the winter of 1976-77 and terminated the experiment. During the four production years average yields for the wine cultivars were 11.2 lbs/vine or 3.38 tons/acre (605 vines/acre). Zinfandel had the highest average production with 19.7 lbs/vine or 6 tons/acre but the lowest brix and highest acids (14.6° Brix and 1.16% TA, respectively). Other yields, brix and acids were: Cabernet Sauvignon, 10.2 lbs/vine, 17.8° Brix and 0.91% titratable acids (TA); Chardonnay, 6.2 lbs/vine, 19.8° Brix and 0.84% TA; Gewurztraminer, 10.8 lbs/vine, 19.9° Brix and 0.77% TA; Pinot Noir, 11.5 lbs/vine, 17.9° Brix and 1.02% TA; White Riesling, 8.6 lbs/vine, 17.6° Brix and 0.97% TA. Production from the additional 10 introductions was less successful than the California selections and generally fruited only 2 of the 4 years (1973- 76)(2). Experiment II In 1975 a collection of 34 numbered vinifera selections were obtained from the breeding program of Dr. Harold Olmo, University of California, Davis. The goal was to test these selections for their climatic adaptation and disease susceptibility in Southern Ohio. This experiment yielded very little information other than the fact that V. vinifera was much less winter hardy 1 and more difficult to grow than the labruscana or French hybrid cultivars under trial at this time. It was found that a numbered selection, eventually named Carmine, now being grown at the Grape Research Branch, Kingsville, was the most hardy of the numbered group under the Southern Ohio environment. Experiment III In 1978 ten (10) White Riesling clones were imported from the Landes-Lehr­ und Versuchsanstalt Fur Landwirtschaft, Trier, Germany. These clones were kept in isolation (quarantine) for 3 years to check for virus and other disease infections. In 1983 four plantings were established at 4 locations in Ohio: (1) The Southern Branch of the Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Ripley, Ohio; (2) The Overlook Branch of OARDC, Carroll, Ohio; (3) The Main campus of OARDC, Wooster, Ohio and; (4) Chalet Debonne', Madison, Ohio. (Figs 1-3). Each of these plantings contained a total of 200 vines: 5 replications of 5 clones on 2 rootstocks. Clones included in the experiment were: Geisenheim 110, Weis 21B, Heinz 65, Niederhausen 378 and Newstadt 90. Vines were planted 10 feet between rows and 7 feet between vines in the row. Yield results for the years 1985-88 and 1991 will be presented. Experiment IV In 1985 a series of V. vinifera cultivars were planted at the Grape Research Branch, Kingsville, Ohio (Figs 4-5). Included were: Gamay Beaujolais, Gewurtztraminer, Merlot, Pinot Nair, Chardonnay, Carmine, White Riesling, Cabernet Sauvignon, Aligote, Muscat Ottonel, Muller Thurgau, Rkatsiteli, Green Veltliner and Pinot Menier. Northern Ashtabula County, near Lake Erie, has some of the best climate for grapes in the state and is the county with the largest production. Yield and quality results for the years 1988-91 are presented. Experiment V In 1986 a second V. vinifera experiment was initiated at the Grape Research Branch (Figs 6-8). This planting contained the cultivars White Riesling and Cabernet franc, grafted on 7 rootstocks, plus own-rooted vines. The rootstocks were: C.3309, Mgt.101-14, T.5C, C.1616E, SO 4, 18-815, Kober 5BB. Yield and quality results for one year (1991) are presented. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Experiment III The initial production was obtained in the fall of 1985 and averaged only 4.91 lbs/vine (1.53 tons/acre). Table 1 shows the combined yield and quality characteristics for the four production locations for the four year period, 1985-88. Differences among the clones and rootstocks are not presented for this period. The highest average yields were produced in the Debevc vineyard at the Madison (Northeast) location (5.05 T/A). This was followed by the Overlook branch, Carroll (Central) location (4.83 T/A) and the Main campus, Wooster (North Central) (3.64 T/A). The lowest yield was produced at the 2 Southern Branch, Ripley (Southern) (2.21 T/A). Low productivity at the Ripley location was primarily related to spring frosts which severely reduced the crop during one season. However, cluster number was the greatest and berry and cluster weight the smallest at the Ripley location. Brix and acids content were highest at the Carroll (Central) and Wooster (North Central) locations and lowest at Ripley (Southern). The Madison (North East) location was intermediate. Table 1. Production Characteristics of Five White Riesling Clones Grown at Four Locations in Ohio, 1985-1988 Clone Southern Br Overlook Br. Main Campus Debevc (Ripley) (Carro 11) (Wooster) (Madison) Yield -T/Acre 2.21 4.83 3.64 5.05 Clust. No. 133 92 63 87 Clust Wt. gm 43 77 85 94 Wt./Berry gm 0.90 1.11 1.40 1.09 0 8rix 17.3 19.2 19.1 18.6 Total Acids % 0.64 0.88 1.00 0.88 As can be observed by Table 2, yields at these same locations for 1991 were similar. Differences among clones were not taken at the Madison location. Combined production for all clones at this location was estimated to be 6.11 tons/acre. The 1991 season had an average production for all clones at the 4 locations of 4.01 tons/acre. In general, this was typical of several previous years. Results for the 5 clones at 3 locations shows that average production (tons/acre) was highest for Clone Gm 110 (3.56 tons) and lowest for Neustadt 90 (2.95 tons). This was also characteristic of the results when all years and all locations were considered (tables for individual years are not presented). Table 2. Production in Tons/Acre of 5 White Riesling Clones Grown at 4 Locations in Ohio, 1991. Southern Overlook Main Campus Debevc Clone (Ripley) (Carroll) (Wooster) (Madison) Average Tons/Acre Gm 110 3.07 3.55 3.42 3.56 Weis 218 2.99 3.76 3.76 3.51 Heinz 65 3.32 3.76 3.14 3.39 Neder.