GAGE Report: Title Adolescent girls’ capabilities in Rwanda The state of the evidence Maria Stavropoulou and Nandini Gupta-Archer a December 2017 Disclaimer Gender and Adolescence: Global Evidence (GAGE) is a nine-year longitudinal research programme building knowledge on good practice programmes and policies that support adolescent girls in the Global South to reach their full potential. Acknowledgements The authors would like to thank all those who helped to This document is an output of the programme which is produce this country evidence review, including Rachel funded by UK Aid from the UK Department for International Marcus, Sarah Baird, Berk Ozler and Roberte Isimbi for Development (DFID). The views expressed and information valuable comments, Gabbi Gray and Alexandra Vaughan contained within are not necessarily those of or endorsed for administrative support, Aaron Griffiths for copy editing by DFID, which accepts no responsibility for such views or and Jojoh Faal Sy for formatting. information or for any reliance placed on them. Table of Contents Acronyms .................................................................................................................................. i Executive summary .................................................................................................................. ii Report objECtives ......................................................................................................................ii Methodology ............................................................................................................................ii StatE of thE EvidEnCE basE on adolEsCEnt girls in Rwanda .........................................................ii Key findings ............................................................................................................................. iii Key EvidEnCE gaps .................................................................................................................... vi 1. Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 MEthodology and ovErviEw of thE litEraturE ...................................................................... 1 1.2 Limitations ......................................................................................................................... 1 2. Education and learning ...................................................................................................... 2 2.1 OvErviEw of thE EvidEnCE ................................................................................................... 2 2.2 EduCation and adolEsCEnt girls in Rwanda .......................................................................... 2 2.3 Primary EduCation .............................................................................................................. 3 2.4 SECondary EduCation .......................................................................................................... 4 2.5 TeChniCal and vocational EduCation and training (TVET) ..................................................... 7 2.6 HighEr EduCation ................................................................................................................ 7 2.7 LitEraCy .............................................................................................................................. 8 2.8 ComputEr litEraCy and aCCEss to information and mass mEdia ........................................... 9 2.9 ProgrEss in girls’ EduCation, but ChallEngEs rEmain .......................................................... 10 2.10 AssEssmEnt of thE EvidEnCE and kEy gaps ...................................................................... 12 3. Economic empowerment ................................................................................................ 14 3.1 OvErviEw of thE EvidEnCE ................................................................................................. 14 3.2 EConomiC wEllbEing and adolEsCEnt girls in Rwanda ........................................................ 15 3.3 Labour forCE partiCipation ................................................................................................ 15 3.4 ACCEss to finanCial assEts and sErviCEs: Cash inComE, savings and CrEdit .......................... 17 3.5 ACCEss to land and propErty ............................................................................................. 19 3.6 AssEssmEnt of thE EvidEnCE and kEy gaps ........................................................................ 20 4. Sexual and reproductive health, health and nutrition .................................................... 22 4.1 OvErviEw of thE EvidEnCE ................................................................................................. 22 4.2 Rwanda’s hEalth systEm ................................................................................................... 22 4.3 ACCEss to hEalth CarE ....................................................................................................... 23 4.4 AdolEsCEnt sExual aCtivity ................................................................................................ 23 4.5 ContraCEption .................................................................................................................. 24 4.6 AdolEsCEnt prEgnanCy ...................................................................................................... 24 4.7 Abortion ........................................................................................................................... 26 4.8 VulnErability to HIV and AIDS ........................................................................................... 26 4.9 AdolEsCEnt sEx EduCation ................................................................................................. 27 4.10 CErviCal CanCEr ............................................................................................................... 27 4.11 Nutrition ........................................................................................................................ 27 4.12 TobaCCo usE ................................................................................................................... 28 4.13 Malaria ........................................................................................................................... 28 4.14 AssEssmEnt of thE EvidEnCE and kEy gaps ...................................................................... 28 5. Bodily autonomy, integrity and freedom from violence ................................................. 30 5.1 OvErviEw of thE EvidEnCE ................................................................................................. 30 5.2 SExual violEnCE................................................................................................................. 30 5.3 PhysiCal violEnCE .............................................................................................................. 32 5.4 AttitudEs towards gEndEr-basEd violEncE ........................................................................ 32 5.5 Legal, poliCy and programming rEsponsEs ........................................................................ 33 5.6 Child marriagE .................................................................................................................. 34 5.7 AssEssmEnt of thE EvidEnCE and kEy gaps ........................................................................ 35 6. Psychosocial wellbeing .................................................................................................... 36 6.1 OvErviEw of thE EvidEnCE ................................................................................................. 36 6.2 AdolEsCEnt girls and psyChosocial wEllbEing..................................................................... 36 6.3 Youth and mEntal hEalth problEms .................................................................................. 37 6.4 MEntal hEalth of orphans and youth affECtEd by HIV and AIDS ........................................ 38 6.5 MEntal hEalth and gEnocidE ............................................................................................. 38 6.6 AssEssmEnt of thE EvidEnCE and kEy gaps ........................................................................ 38 7. Voice and agency ............................................................................................................. 40 7.1 OvErviEw of thE EvidEnCE ................................................................................................. 40 7.2 WomEn’s EmpowErmEnt and norm ChangE ..................................................................... 41 7.3 WomEn’s politiCal EmpowErmEnt and adolEsCEnt girls .................................................... 41 7.4 PErsistEnt disCriminatory norms ....................................................................................... 42 7.5 AssEssmEnt of thE EvidEnCE and kEy gaps ........................................................................ 43 8. Vulnerable groups of adolescent girls ............................................................................. 44 8.1 OvErviEw of thE EvidEnCE ................................................................................................. 44 8.2 Orphans ..........................................................................................................................