Notes and References 1. CONTINUITY AND DISCONTINUITY IN BRITISH IMPERIALISM Paul Kennedy * Since the composition of this chapter, the second edition ofAfrica and the Victorians has appeared, with an additional 'Explanation' and 'Afterthoughts' written by Ronald Robinson. Those pieces offer a clarification of the author's original intentions and concede that in some minor areas (e.g. the motives behind the imperialism offoreign powers) their earlier presentation may not have been correct; but in general the second edition defends and reasserts the cluster of 'Robinson and Gallagher theories' and in consequence no major redrafting of this particular chapter seemed necessary. 1. J. A. Gallagher and R. E. Robinson, 'The Imperialism ofFree Trade', EconHR, 2nd. ser., VI (1953) 1-15. 2. See, for example, A. P. Newton andJ. Ewing, The British Empire since 1783 (London, 1929); A. B. Keith, Selected Speeches and Documents on British Colonial Policy 1763-1917, 2 vols (London, 1918) and The Governments of the British Empire (London, 1936). 3. J. A. Hobson, Imperialism: A Study (London, 1902) pp. 19, 118. 4. V. I. Lenin, Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism (Moscow, 1975 edn.) p. 73. 5. Ibid., passim, but espec. pp. 22, 58, 115. See also the analysis in E. Stokes, 'Late Nineteenth-Century Colonial Expansion and the Attack on the Theory of Economic Imperialism: A Case of Mistaken Identity?', Hj, xn, ( 1969) 285-301. 6. Gallagher and Robinson, 'The Imperialism of Free Trade', p. 3. 7. R. E. Robinson and J. A. Gallagher, with A. Denny, Africa and the Victorians: the Official Mind of Imperialism, 2nd ed. (London, 1981). See also W. R. Louis (ed.), Imperialism: The Robinson and Gallagher Controversy (New York, 1976). 8. Robinson and Gallagher, Africa and the Victorians, p. 466ff.; and especially R. E. Robinson, 'Non-European Foundations of European Imper­ ialism: Sketch for a Theory of Collaboration', in E. R. J. Owen and R. B. Sutcliffe (eds), Studies in the Theory of Imperialism (London, 1972) Chapter 5. 9. 0. MacDonagh, 'The Anti-Imperialism of Free Trade', EconHR, XIV (1962) 489-501. 10. Platt's objections are best followed in his articles: 'The Imperialism of Free Trade: Some Reservations', EconHR, xxi (1968) 296--306; 'Further Objections to an "Imperialism of Free Trade" 1830-60', EconHR, XXVI NOTES TO CHAPTER I 191 (1973) 77-91; and 'The National Economy and British Imperial Expansion before 1914',JICH, II (1973) 3-14. II. B. Semmel, The Rise of Free Trade Imperialism: Classical Political Economy, the Empire of Free Trade and Imperialism 1750-1850 (Cambridge, 1970) passim. 12. C. C. Eldridge, England's Mission: Thelmperialldea in the Age of Gladstone and Disraeli 1868-80 (London, 1973) Chapters 3-6 and Victorian Imperialism (London, 1978) pp. 92-101. 13. Robinson and Gallagher, Africa and the Victorians, p. 466. 14. Robinson and Gallagher, 'The Partition of Africa', in New Cambridge Modern History, vol. XI, Material Progress and World- Wide Problems 1870-1898, ed. F. H. Hinsley (Cambridge, 1962) pp. 593-640. 15. A. G. Hopkins, 'Economic Imperialism in West Africa: Lagos, I880--1892',EconHR, XXI (1968) 580--606; C. W. Newbury, 'TheTariffFactor in Anglo-French West African Partition', in P. Gifford and W. R. Louis (eds), France and Britain in Africa (New Haven, Conn., 1971) pp. 221-59; H. A. Turner, 'Bismarck's Imperialist Venture: Anti-British in Origin?', in P. Gifford and W. R. Louis (eds), Britain and Germany in Africa (New Haven, Conn., 1967) pp. 47-82. 16. See especially, D. C. M. Platt, 'Economic Factors in British Policy during the "New Imperialism"', P&P, 39 (1968) 120--38; W. G. Hynes, The Economics of Empire: Britain, Africa and the New Imperialism 1870-1895 (London, 1979); G. N. Uzoigwe, Britain and the Conquest of Africa (Ann Arbor, Mich., 1974). 17. See the array of references on p. 487, fns 2 and 3, ofP.J. Cain and A. G. Hopkins, 'The Political Economy ofBritish Expansion Overseas 17 50--1914', EconHR, xxxm ( 1980) 463-90. 18. R. Shannon, The Crisis of Imperialism 1865-1915 (London, 1974); B. Porter, The Lion's Share: A Short History of British Imperialism 1850-1970 (London, 1975) Chapter IV; R. Hyam, Britain's Imperial Century 1815-1914: A Study of Empire and Expansion (London, 1976) Chapters 3 and 4; P. Kennedy, The Realities behind Diplomacy: Background Influences on British External Policy 1865-1980 (London/Boston, 1981) Chapters I and 2. 19. See, for example, C. W. Newbury and A. S. Kanya-Forstner, 'French Policy and the Origins of the Scramble for West Africa', JAH, x ( 1969) 253-76. 20. Apart from Turner's article (note 15 above), see the references in P. Kennedy, The Rise of the Anglo-German Antagonism 1860-1914 (London/Boston, 1980) Chapter 10. 21. Robinson and Gallagher, Africa and the Victorians, p. 19. 22. Kennedy, The Rise of the Anglo-German Antagonism, parts Three and Four. 2. COLONIAL SELF-GOVERNMENT Peter Burroughs I. William Cobbett (ed.), Cobbett's Parliamentary History of England (Lon­ don, 1810) vol. XVII, pp. 1236--7. 192 BRITISH IMPERIALISM IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY 2. W. L. Morton, 'The Local Executive in the British Empire, 1763-1828', EHR, LXXVIII (1963) 436--57. 3. Francis Mashes, Attorney General of Quebec, 1769, quoted in V. T. Harlow, The Founding ofthe Second British Empire 1763-1793 (London, 1964) vol. II, p. 668. 4. Hansard, New Series, XIX, 2 May 1828, 300-44. 5. Report of the Select Committee on the Civil Government of Canada, Parliamentary Papers 1828 (569) vn. 6. G. M. Craig (ed.), Lord Durham's Report (Toronto, 1963) pp. 22-3. 7. G. Martin, The Durham Report and British Policy (Cambridge, 1972), and 'The Influence of the Durham Report', R. Hyam and G. Martin (eds), Reappraisals in British Imperial History (London, 1975) pp. 75-87. 8. For example, H. E. Egerton, A Short History rif British Colonial Policy (London, 1897); C. P. Lucas (ed.), Lord Durham's Report on the Affairs rif British North America, 3 vols (Oxford, 1912);]. L. Morison, 'The Mission of the Earl ofDurham', in CHBE (Cambridge, 1930) vol. VI, pp. 289-307; C. W. New, Lord Durham (Oxford, 1929). 9. J. M. Ward, Colonial Self-Government: The British Experience 1759-1856 (London, 1976). 10. For example, C. A. Bodelsen, Studies in Mid- Victorian Imperialism (Copenhagen, 1924 ); R. L. Schuyler, The Fall of the Old Colonial System: A Stuqy in British Free Trade 1770-1870 (New York, 1945). II. J. A. Gallagher and R. E. Robinson, 'The Imperialism of Free Trade', EconHR, VI (1953) 1-15. For a collection of key articles bearing on this historical controversy, A. G. L Shaw (ed.), Great Britain and the Colonies 1815-1865 (London, 1970). 12. Some parallels are drawn inJ. W. Cell, British Colonial Administration in the Mid-Nineteenth Century: The Policy-Making Process (New Haven, 1970) pp. 154-5. 13. Gairdner to Grey, 28 November 1857, Grey Papers, University of Durham, GP/Gairdner. 3. INDIA AND THE BRITISH EMPIRE R.J. Moore I. Percival Spear (ed.), The Oxford History rif India, 3rd ed. (Oxford, 1958) p. 572. 2. Cited in C. H. Philips, The East India Company, 1784-1834, 2nd ed. (Manchester, 1961) p. 240. 3. Ibid., p. 241. 4. P.J. Marshall, 'British Expansion in India in the Eighteenth Century: An Historical Revision', History, LX (1975) 28--43. 5. Ibid., p. 30. 6. For the recourse to force in the interests of trade in the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, see I. Bruce Watson, 'Fortifications, Force and English Trade in India', P&P, 88 (1980) 70-87. See also K. N. Chaudhuri, The Trading World of Asia and the English East India Company, 1660-1760 (Cambridge, 1978). NOTES TO CHAPTER 3 193 7. Marshall, 'British Expansion', p. 37. 8. Ibid., p. 41. 9. P.J. Marshall, 'Economic and Political Expansion: The Case ofOudh', Modern Asian Studies, IX (1974) 465-82. 10. Ibid., p. 482. 11. Ibid., pp. 481-2. 12. J. C. Heesterman's phrase in his 'Was there an Indian Reaction? Western Expansion in Indian Perspective', H. L. Wesseling (ed.), Expansion and Reaction (Leiden, 1978) pp. 3~0, n. 25. 13. G. J. Alder, 'Britain and the Defence of India- The Origins of the Problem, 1798-1815', Journal of Asian History, VI (1972) 14-44; Edward Ingram, 'The Rules of the Game: A Commentary on the Defence of British India, 1798-1829',]ICH, III (1975) 257-79. 14. E. Ingram, The Beginning of the Great Game in Asia, 1828-1834 (Oxford, 1979). 15. M. Yapp, Strategies of British India: Britain, Iran and Afghanistan, 1798-1850 (Oxford, 1980). 16. For the careful policies that segregated the external and internal threats in the 1850s (during the Crimean and Persian wars and the Indian Mutiny) seeG.J. Alder, 'India and the Crimean War',}ICH, II (1973) 15-37. 17. A. G. Stone, Indian Campaigns, 1778-1914 (London, 1974). 18. 'The first century of British colonial rule in India: social revolution or social stagnation?', in E. Stokes, The Peasant and the Raj: Studies in agrarian society and peasant rebellion in colonial India (Cambridge, 1978) p. 26. 19. Ibid., p. 27. 20. Ibid., p. 28. 21. P. J. Cain and A. G. Hopkins, 'The Political Economy of British Expansion Overseas, 1750--1914', EconHR, xxxm (1980) 463-90, p. 479. 22. Stokes, Peasant and the Raj, p. 28. 23. Gallagher and Robinson, 'The Imperialism of Free Trade', reprinted in W. R. Louis (ed.), Imperialism, The Robinson and Gallagher Controversy (New York, 1976) p. 58. 24. For an analysis of Manchester's 'anti-imperialism' see Oliver Mac­ Donagh, 'The Anti-Imperialism ofFreeTrade', EconHR, XIV (1962) 489-501. 25. SeeR. J. Moore, Sir Charles Wood's Indian Policy, 1853-66 (Manchester, 1966).