Adult Major Trauma Guidelines University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust Version 1.1 Dr Andy Eynon Director of Major Trauma, Consultant in Neurosciences Intensive Care Dr Simon Hughes Deputy Director of Major Trauma, Consultant Anaesthetist Dr Elizabeth Shewry Locum Consultant Anaesthetist in Major Trauma Version 1 Dr Andy Eynon Dr Simon Hughes Dr Elizabeth ShewryVersion 1 1 UHS Adult Major Trauma Guidelines 2014 NOTE: These guidelines are regularly updated. Check the intranet for the latest version. DO NOT PRINT HARD COPIES Please note these Major Trauma Guidelines are for UHS Adult Major Trauma Patients. The Wessex Children’s Major Trauma Guidelines may be found at http://staffnet/TrustDocsMedia/DocsForAllStaff/Clinical/Childr ensMajorTraumaGuideline/Wessexchildrensmajortraumaguid eline.doc NOTE: If you are concerned about a patient under the age of 16 please contact SORT (02380 775502) who will give valuable clinical advice and assistance by phone to the Trauma Unit and coordinate any transfer required. http://www.sort.nhs.uk/home.aspx Please note current versions of individual University Hospital South- ampton Major Trauma guidelines can be found by following the link below. http://staffnet/TrustDocuments/Departmentanddivision- specificdocuments/Major-trauma-centre/Major-trauma-centre.aspx Version 1 Dr Andy Eynon Dr Simon Hughes Dr Elizabeth Shewry 2 UHS Adult Major Trauma Guidelines 2014 Contents Please ‘control + click’ on each ‘Section’ below to link to individual sections. Section_1: Preparation for Major Trauma Admissions 1.1 Pre-hospital triage alert & Trauma Unit Bypass Tool 1.2 ATMIST 1.3 Adult Major Trauma Team activation 1.4 Adult Major Trauma Level 1 Membership 1.5 Responsibilities of Trauma Team Leader (TTL) and Members 1.6 Hands off handover 1.7 Executive roles for the Trauma Team Leader 1.8 Responsibilities of Site Manager 1.9 Major Trauma Clinical Coordinator (MTCC) Role 2.0 Secondary Transfers and the Transfer Tool 2.1 Trauma Team Hot Debrief Section_2: Trauma resuscitation (C-ABCDE) Section_2_1: Catastrophic haemorrhage Introduction Management of Catastrophic Haemorrhage Haemostatic Dressings Use of Tourniquets Code red Massive Transfusion Policy & Pre-defrosted Fresh Frozen Plasma ‘Unknown Unknown’ transfusion policy Pre-hospital Blood Transfusion Managing Haemorrhage in patients refusing blood transfusion Rapid infuser (Belmont) Tranexamic acid Technique of Clamshell Thoracotomy Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) for Resuscitative Thoracotomy SOP for Traumatic Cardiac Arrest (TCA) Version 1 Dr Andy Eynon Dr Simon Hughes Dr Elizabeth Shewry 3 UHS Adult Major Trauma Guidelines 2014 Section_2_2: Airway Introduction Roles and Responsibilities Drugs for the Trauma Anaesthetist Major Trauma (MT) Anaesthetic Induction and Sedation Drug Dosing Combative Trauma Patients Oxygen therapy in the MT patient Major Trauma Airway Algorithm Airway References Appendices: (i) MT RSI Flowchart (ii) Pre-RSI Checklist (iii) Trauma Bay Checklist (iv) RSI Drug Packs Section_2_3: Breathing Assessment Tension pneumothorax: awake Tension pneumothorax: asleep Simple pneumothorax Haemothorax/ Massive Haemothorax Open pneumothorax Rib fractures and flail chest Pulmonary Contusions Chest trauma and the use of prophylactic antibiotics SOP for Chest Decompression Section_2_4: Circulation and IV access Introduction IV access including trauma line IntraOsseous (IO) access Transfusion via an IO (Ranger) Hypovolaemic shock Version 1 Dr Andy Eynon Dr Simon Hughes Dr Elizabeth Shewry 4 UHS Adult Major Trauma Guidelines 2014 Neurogenic shock FAST protocol Management of Exsanguinating Pelvic Fracture Management of Catastrophic Maxillo-Facial Haemorrhage Interventional radiology and Haemorrhage Control Use of Octaplex Section_2_5: Disability Initial Management Assessment Minimising Secondary Brain Injury Initial management of traumatic brain injury Initial management of spinal cord injury Use of steroids in spinal cord injuries Mannitol and Hypertonic Saline (HTS) Guidelines for initial spinal management of sedated and ventilated trauma patients Section_2_6: Exposure and environment Temperature control Pre-hospital Temperature Control Temperature Control in ED Temperature Measurement Best Practice in Temperature Management In hospital warming methods Immobilisation of Major Trauma Patients Use of the Scoop Antibiotic Prophylaxis Version 1 Dr Andy Eynon Dr Simon Hughes Dr Elizabeth Shewry 5 UHS Adult Major Trauma Guidelines 2014 Section_2_7: Pain control Assessment Opioids Lignocaine patches for rib fractures Regional Anaesthesia and the Anaesthetic Regional fellow Chronic Pain UHS Acute Pain team Section_2_8: Indications for multi-trauma CT scans in progress Patients requiring CT Preparing for CT Request form Initial reporting form Section_3: Admission Criteria for Patients with Major Trauma Section_3_1: Wessex Trauma Network (WTN) admission & repa- triation agreements Aims Responsibilities The process Section_3_2: Admission Criteria for UHS Trauma patients Introduction Levels of Care Patients requiring immediate surgery Which adult ICU? ICU admission NICU admission and discharge Section_3_3: Discharge protocols Version 1 Dr Andy Eynon Dr Simon Hughes Dr Elizabeth Shewry 6 UHS Adult Major Trauma Guidelines 2014 Section_4: Specific Major Trauma guidelines Section_4_1: Thrombo-embolism Prophylaxis in Major Trauma pa- tients Section_4_2: Prophylactic IVC Filters for Trauma Patients Section_4_3: Management of Specific Orthopaedic injuries i) Management of Schatzker type IV-V-VI fractures & sus- pected knee dislocations ii) Wessex pelvic and acetabular reconstruction referral form Section_4_4: Angiogram protocol for MTC patients with distal vascular injuries Section_4_5: Initial management of significant burn injuries and the referral process Section 4_6: Plastic surgery service at UHS Section_4_7: End of life care Section_4_8: Organ and tissue transplantation Section_4_9: Consent in young adults Section_4_10: Nutritional management of Major Trauma Patients i) Southampton Intensive Care Units Enteral Nutrition (EN) Feeding Flowchart ii) Wessex Neurosciences Intensive Care Unit Enteral Feeding Algorithm Section_5: Appendices 1 Wessex Trauma Network rehabilitation prescription: patient copy 2 Wessex Trauma Network rehabilitation prescription; records copy 3 Wessex Trauma Network rehabilitation prescription: guidance notes 4 Wessex Trauma Network booklet Version 1 Dr Andy Eynon Dr Simon Hughes Dr Elizabeth Shewry 7 UHS Adult Major Trauma Guidelines 2014 Introduction ‘These guidelines are the current policies and practice for the man- agement of adult major trauma patients at University Hospital South- ampton. They have been designed to provide a day to day framework for the management of patients; including the roles and responsibili- ties of clinical teams and their members. The guidelines were pro- duced to try and ensure timely, consistent, high-quality care for all patients whatever day or time of day they present, recognising that these are challenging and often stressful cases. There will be situations when it is appropriate to deviate from the guidelines or where the guidelines do not cover the specific circum- stances. In these cases it is essential that care of the patient is the foremost consideration, that senior staff are directly involved and that documentation is clear. If in doubt, seek senior advice and document their involvement. These guidelines have evolved from department and hospital guide- lines from across the country. Particular thanks must go to Drs. Cordingly and Hell for the NeuroICU guidelines and Dr. Hyde for the Paediatric trauma guidelines which provided inspiration. Also to guidelines from colleagues in Cambridge, Nottingham and London for allowing their work to be integrated into ours. My personal thanks to all members of the anaesthetic trauma group who have worked on bringing these guidelines to life. These are the first version and I ac- cept full responsibility for any inaccuracies and omissions.’ Dr. Andy Eynon BSc, MBBS, MD, FRCP, FCEM, FFICM, EDICM, FHEA Director of Major Trauma, University Hospital Southampton, Consultant in Neurosciences Intensive Care, Wessex Neurologi- cal Centre, Honorary Senior Clinical Lecturer, University of Southampton Section 1: Preparation for Major Trauma Version 1 Dr Andy Eynon Dr Simon Hughes Dr Elizabeth Shewry 8 UHS Adult Major Trauma Guidelines 2014 1.1 Pre-hospital triage alert he pre-hospital triage tool was developed by the Wessex Trauma Network T (WTN) to identify patients who have or are at high risk of having sustained ma- jor trauma. Patients who are within a 45 minute travel time of UHS may be trans- ferred direct to UHS as the Major Trauma Centre (MTC), bypassing hospitals closer to the scene of the accident. The rationale for this is that it is time to definitive treat- ment rather than time to arrival in hospital that makes the biggest difference in out- comes. UHS was chosen as the MTC as it has all major trauma services on site. The pre-hospital team (ambulance service, BASICS, HIOWAA) will alert the ED that a patient with major trauma is en-route. It is expected that a basic ATMIST (see p10) handover will be received with details of the mode and likely time of arrival of the pa- tient. Patients who are outside a 45 minute travel time or who are deemed to be at risk of imminent airway compromise or have catastrophic haemorrhage will go initially to their nearest trauma unit (TU) for resuscitation. Once resuscitated, if the TU feel that the patient’s