Appendix Eta2: The Albany Intellectual Line Connecting brothers of Phi Kappa Psi Fraternity at Cornell University, tracing their fraternal Big Brother/Little Brother line to tri-Founder John Andrew Rea (1869) Joseph Benson Foraker, tri-founder of Phi Kappa Psi at Cornell . . proposed the tapping of Carl Schurz (1870), his former brother-in-arms in the Union Army . Carl arranged the bid for Adolph . Whitefield followed in the tradition of Steinwehr . the great Jonathan Edwards . . Steinwehr’s inspiration to assist the . The Reverend Edwards studied under Union Army came, in part, from Harriett David Brainerd . Beecher Stowe . . Harriett was inspired by the travails of . David Brainerd served his mission on Josiah Henson, enslaved in the Border the Hudson river, with the last of the states . Mahicans, Etow Oh Koam, Emperor of the Six Nations . Josiah reached for his freedom after . Chief Etow Oh Koam was allied with encouragement of Methodist missionaries the Schulyers and Livingstons of working in the tradition of John Wesley . the Hudson valley. . John Wesley was influenced by George Whitefield . Below we present short biographies of the Albany intellectual line of the Phi Kappa Psi Fraternity at Cornell University. “Who defends the House.” Joseph Benson Foraker, one of the tri-founders of New York Alpha, brought Carl Schurz (1870) into the fraternity; Schurz, in turn, invited his old brother-in-arms, General Adolph von Steinwehr, to join Phi Kappa Psi: Baron Adolph Wilhelm August Friedrich von Steinwehr (Sept. 25, 1822 – Feb. 25, 1877) was a German-Prussian army officer who emigrated to the United States, became a geographer, cartographer, and author, and served as a Union general in the American Civil War. Steinwehr was born in Blankenburg, in the Duchy of Brunswick, Germany, the son of a military family. His grandfather fought in the Prussian Army against Napoleon. He attended the Brunswick Military Academy and was commissioned a lieutenant in the Brunswick Army in 1841. In 1847 he resigned his commission and Arms of Braunschwig emigrated to the United States, settling in Alabama. He served as an engineer in the U.S. Coastal Survey, surveying the U.S.- Mexico border and Mobile Bay, Alabama, but his desire to serve in a combat position in the Mexican-American War was denied and he returned to Brunswick in 1849. He returned to the United States in 1854 and purchased a farm near Wallingford, Connecticut. He later moved to New York State. At the start of the Civil War, Steinwehr raised a regiment, consisting primarily of German immigrants—the 29th New York Infantry—which he commanded at the First Battle of Bull Run. The regiment was in reserve during the battle, but served an important screening role during the Union retreat. He was promoted to brigadier general on October 12, 1861, and commanded the 2nd Brigade of Louis Blenker's division of the Army of the Potomac. This brigade was moved into Maj. Gen. John C. Frémont's Mountain Department on April 1, 1862, and it fought in the Valley Campaign against Maj. Gen. Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson. The corps was soon commanded by Maj. Gen. Franz Sigel, another German immigrant, and Steinwehr was given the 2nd Division in that corps. It was assigned to the Army of Virginia, under Maj. Gen. John Pope, and participated in the Northern Virginia Campaign, but had little role in the Second Battle of Bull Run. The division did not fight at the Battle of Antietam or the Battle of Fredericksburg. 2 The command of what was now called the XI Corps changed to Maj. Gen. Oliver O. Howard in 1863 and Steinwehr continued to command the division in the Battle of Chancellorsville and the Battle of Gettysburg. Thus, Steinwehr was at the center of two embarrassing Union defeats: the victim of the surprise flanking attack by Stonewall Jackson at Chancellorsville on May 2, 1863, and the overwhelming attack by Lt. Gen. Richard S. Ewell's Second Corps on the first day of Gettysburg, July 1, 1863, causing the division to retreat back through the town to Cemetery Hill, losing many soldiers as prisoners. These two defeats seriously degraded the combat effectiveness of the XI Corps and humiliated many of the German immigrant soldiers in the corps. Nevertheless, Steinwehr was well thought of by his superiors. After Chancellorsville, General Howard wrote that Steinwehr's bearing during the battle was "cool, collected and judicious." Brig. Gen. Alpheus Williams, a fellow division commander, described him as a "remarkably intelligent and agreeable person." In September 1863, the XI Corps was transferred to the Western Theater to help relieve the besieged Union army in Chattanooga, becoming part of the Army of the Cumberland. There, it was combined with the equally depleted XII Corps to form the new XX Corps. That corps fought under Maj. Gen. William T. Sherman in the Atlanta Campaign and March to the Sea, but Steinwehr was essentially reorganized out of his job and he commanded no more combat units during the war. He resigned his commission on July 3, 1865. After the war, Steinwehr was employed as a geographer and cartographer. He returned to Connecticut to accept a professorship at Yale University. He moved to Washington, D.C., then to Ohio, and returned to New York. He died in Buffalo, New York, and is buried in Albany Rural Cemetery, Menands, New York. Steinwehr was a prolific author, including A School Geography: Embracing a Mathematical, Physical, and Political Descriptions of the Earth (published in 1870); co-author of Primary Geography (1870) and An Elementary Treatise on Physical Geography (1873); editor of The Centennial Gazetteer of the United States (1874). He is memorialized by the prominent Steinwehr Avenue in the city of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. 3 Brother and Baron von Steinwehr was moved by Harriet Beecher Stowe’s attack on the cruelty of slavery, Uncle Tom’s Cabin: Harriet Elizabeth Beecher Stowe (June 14, 1811 – July 1, 1896) was an American abolitionist and novelist, whose Uncle Tom's Cabin (1852) attacked the cruelty of slavery; it reached millions as a novel and play, and became influential, even in Britain. It made the political issues of the 1850's regarding slavery tangible to millions, energizing anti-slavery forces in the American North. It angered and embittered the South. The impact is summed up in a commonly quoted Hartford Female Seminary statement apocryphally attributed to Abraham Lincoln. When he met Stowe, it is claimed that he said, "So you're the little woman started this great war!" So Harriet Beecher Stowe (1811-1896), American author, social reformer, and philanthropist wrote one of the classic works in the American literary canon, Uncle Tom’s Cabin (1852). While giving a human face to slavery and remarkably addressing the oppression of African Americans “Who so low, who so poor, who so despised as the American slave?”—(The Life of Harriet Beecher Stowe pub.1889, ch. 1.) it has also proven to be a lasting and influential literary work for political, spiritual, and humanitarian causes. First published in the anti-slavery newspaper The National Era in 1851, it soon became a best-seller and launched Stowe as an internationally recognised celebrity. Stowe was an intense though modest woman who would devote her life to education and good, honest, and compassionate works for others. Harriet Elisabeth Beecher Stowe was born 14 June 1811 in the New England town of Litchfield, Connecticut. Her mother was Roxanna née Foote (1775-1816); her father Lyman Beecher (1775-1863) was a Calvinist preacher who spoke out against slavery and encouraged the education of his children. The Beecher’s were a large and happy family—Harriet had three sisters and five brothers: Catherine Esther (1800-1878), William Henry (1802-1886), Edward (1803-1895), Mary Foote (1805-1900), George (1809-1843), Harriet (1808-1808), Henry Ward (1813-1887), and Charles (1815-1900). Roxanna who, like her husband, touted the importance of a proper education, taught her children to read and entertained them with the stories of Maria Edgeworth. Just before Harriet turned four her mother died. While Harriet would not have many specific memories of her, she had the overall impression from the rest of her siblings, her father, friends, and the community that she was well-loved and admired by all. 4 She had also bestowed her patience, compassion, and love of doing good works for others onto her daughter. The loss of Mrs. Beecher was a dark time for her husband and children. Harriet was sent to stay with her High Church Aunt Harriet Foote who lived in Nut Plains, near Guildford, Connecticut. Under her tutelage young Harriet learned the catechism, read her prayer book, the Bible, works by Samuel Johnson, and Arabian Nights. When she was six, her father remarried. An extremely pious woman, Harriet née Porter soon gained the affections of all the children. With Lyman she had a son Frederick (1818-1820), who died of scarlet fever and a daughter Isabella (1822-1907). Young Harriet was often entrusted to care for her when she was not attending classes at the Litchfield Academy under Mr. Brace. Harriet was becoming a voracious reader and competent writer, while also learning the practical arts of knitting and sewing. The Beecher household was bustling and happy once again. So Harriet Beecher was born June 14, 1811, the seventh child of Protestant preacher, Lyman Beecher, whose children would later include the famed abolitionist theologian, Henry Ward Beecher. Harriet worked as a teacher with her older sister Catharine: her earliest publication was a geography for children, issued under her sister's name in 1833. In 1836, Harriet married Calvin Stowe, a clergyman and widower.