THE SHORT TERM EFFECT OF XBOX KINECT ACTIVE VIDEOGAME ON PHYSICAL ACTIVITY LEVELS AND EXECUTIVE FUNCTION IN CHILDREN WITH AND WITHOUT AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER by Daphne Golden A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of the University of Delaware in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Biomechanics and Movement Science Fall 2015 ©2015 Daphne Golden All Rights Reserved ProQuest Number: 10014769 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. ProQuest 10014769 Published by ProQuest LLC (2016). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, MI 48106 - 1346 THE SHORT TERM EFFECT OF XBOX KINECT ACTIVE VIDEOGAME ON PHYSICAL ACTIVITY LEVELS AND EXECUTIVE FUNCTION IN CHILDREN WITH AND WITHOUT AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER by Daphne Golden Approved: ___________________________________________________________ Charles Buz Swanik, Ph.D., ATC, FNATA Director of the Biomechanics and Movement Science Program Approved: ___________________________________________________________ Kathleen S. Matt, Ph.D. Dean of the College of Health Sciences Approved: ___________________________________________________________ Ann L. Ardis, Ph.D. Vice Provost for Graduate and Professional Education I certify that I have read this dissertation and that in my opinion it meets the academic and professional standard required by the University as a dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Signed: ___________________________________________________________ Nancy Getchell, Ph.D. Professor in charge of dissertation I certify that I have read this dissertation and that in my opinion it meets the academic and professional standard required by the University as a dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Signed: ___________________________________________________________ Casey Breslin, Ph.D. Member of dissertation committee I certify that I have read this dissertation and that in my opinion it meets the academic and professional standard required by the University as a dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Signed: ___________________________________________________________ Christopher Modlesky, Ph.D. Member of dissertation committee I certify that I have read this dissertation and that in my opinion it meets the academic and professional standard required by the University as a dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Signed: ___________________________________________________________ Michelle Provost-Craig, Ph.D. Member of dissertation committee I certify that I have read this dissertation and that in my opinion it meets the academic and professional standard required by the University as a dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Signed: ___________________________________________________________ Iva Obrusnikova Ph.D. Member of dissertation committee ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I’d like to take this opportunity to thank all the people who took part in my academic experience. My advisor, Dr. Nancy Getchell, was primary in guiding me through the process. Additionally to my committee members Casey Breslin Ph.D., Christopher Modlesky Ph.D., Iva Obrusnikova Ph.D. and Michelle Provost-Craig Ph.D. for their help. The direct support and assistance done by many people was essential for completion of the research project. Lynn Liang helped me over the past 4 years with a range of computer training to direct hands on testing of subjects. A special thanks to Danielle Brumbley who provided extensive direct support in testing. The undergraduate students who assisted in preparation and testing of the children. Assistance with recruitment of subjects was key to my success. Many helped in this situation including: sisters, nieces and nephews. Teachers at the Clara Barton Elementary school orchestrated a school wide of recruitment for participants and assisted in set up. Those people who assisted in my weekly PA group. A thanks to Bristol Township School District, Seaford School District, Lake Forest School District, the Moose Club, Easter Seals and the University of Delaware Early Childhood Center. And not forgotten my family and friends I could not have completed without their support. v TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES ...................................................................................................... viii LIST OF FIGURES ....................................................................................................... ix ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................... x Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................. 1 2 LITERATURE REVIEW ................................................................................... 4 Active Videogame (AVG) and Physical Activity .............................................. 5 Characteristics of AVGs ................................................................................... 12 AVG Use in Special Populations ..................................................................... 18 AVG, ASD and Executive Function (EF) ........................................................ 21 Factors of PA that Effect EF ............................................................................ 24 Summary ........................................................................................................... 29 3 THE PA LEVELS IN CHILDREN WITH AND WITHOUT ASD WHEN PLAYING KINECT XBOX ACTIVE VIDEOGAMES ................................. 30 Methodology ..................................................................................................... 33 Results .............................................................................................................. 40 Discussion ......................................................................................................... 42 Conclusions ...................................................................................................... 44 Limitations ........................................................................................................ 45 Future Direction ................................................................................................ 45 4 THE EFFECTS OF XBOX KINECT ACTIVE VIDEOGAMING ON EXECUTIVE FUNCTION IN CHILDREN WITH AND WITHOUT ASD: A PILOT STUDY ............................................................................................. 46 Methodology ..................................................................................................... 49 Results .............................................................................................................. 60 Discussion ......................................................................................................... 64 Conclusions ...................................................................................................... 66 Limitations ........................................................................................................ 66 Future Direction ................................................................................................ 66 vi 5 GENERAL CONCLUSIONS .......................................................................... 68 Summary ........................................................................................................... 71 Limitations ........................................................................................................ 72 Future Direction ................................................................................................ 73 REFERENCES ............................................................................................................. 74 Appendix A MABC-2 PICTURE BOARD .......................................................................... 85 B MABC-2 PICTURE ......................................................................................... 86 C ACTICAL ACCELEROMETER PLACED ON THE HIP .............................. 87 D BARRIERS ....................................................................................................... 88 E KINECT WEBCAM SET UP .......................................................................... 89 F AREA OF FEEDBACK TO WEBCAM .......................................................... 90 G RABBIDS GAME “CRAZY SALES” ............................................................. 91 H RABBIDS GAME “SAVE THE HOTDogs” ................................................... 92 I MEDICAL HISTORY DOCUMENT .............................................................. 93 J PHYSICAL ACTIVITY DOCUMENT ........................................................... 95 K PARENTAL CONSENT .................................................................................. 97 L CHILD ASSENT ............................................................................................ 102 M RELEASE FORM .......................................................................................... 105 N IRB APPROVAL