PREMIS A TREBALLS DE RECERCA DE LA UdL per a l’estudiantat de batxillerat i cicles formatius de grau superior Design and Building Process of a Hybrid Go-Kart – A Comparison Between Electric and Combustion Drive Systems Bernat Frangi Mahiques Centre: INS Màrius Torres de Lleida Tutor: Alex Abad Farré Data: novembre, 2020 Design and Building Process of a Hybrid Go-Kart: A Comparison Between Electric and Combustion Drive Systems Pseudònim: Hybrid-Motion Class and Year : 2 Bat C, 2019-20 Modality: Technology Tutor: Alex Abad Table of Contents Introduction ................................................................................................... 5 How did it all start? ........................................................................................................ 7 Initial Aims of the Project .............................................................................................. 8 1. To learn about the history of the automobile and the way it has evolved through time. ....................................................................................................................... 8 2. To inform myself on new techniques and technologies involved in the use of renewable power sources, especially in the automotive and transport world. .. 8 3. To complete the design and building process of a hybrid go-kart prototype. 8 4. To compare and evaluate the two drive systems: electric vs petrol ................. 9 5. To create a video to illustrate the whole process of designing, building and testing the go-kart. .............................................................................................................. 9 6. To finance the project with crowdfunding. ............................................................. 9 Layout and Methodology............................................................................................. 10 Questions ..................................................................................................................... 10 Hypothesis ................................................................................................................... 10 Theory Section ............................................................................................. 13 Introduction ................................................................................................................. 15 Past, Present and… ...................................................................................................... 15 Combustion Cars and Components ............................................................................. 18 Internal Combustion Engine ........................................................................................... 18 Combustible Fuels ............................................................................................................ 27 Carbon Emissions: A cause of Global Warming ........................................................... 28 Electric Cars: The solution? ......................................................................................... 29 The Electric Motor ............................................................................................................ 30 The Lithium Battery .......................................................................................................... 31 The Inverter ....................................................................................................................... 32 The Transmission ............................................................................................................. 33 Tesla Inc. ............................................................................................................................ 33 The Possibilities of the Electric Car ............................................................................... 34 What are the Drawbacks of electric cars? .................................................................... 34 Renewable Energy ....................................................................................................... 35 Biomass .............................................................................................................................. 35 Hydropower ....................................................................................................................... 36 Wind .................................................................................................................................... 36 Solar .................................................................................................................................... 37 Geothermal ........................................................................................................................ 39 Nuclear Power .............................................................................................................. 39 Alternatives to Batteries .............................................................................................. 40 Hybrid Cars ................................................................................................................... 41 Other Transport Implementations of Renewable Power ............................................. 42 Marine ................................................................................................................................. 42 Aviation ............................................................................................................................... 43 Formula E .......................................................................................................................... 43 Go-kart ................................................................................................................................ 44 Practical Section ........................................................................................... 45 Introduction ................................................................................................................. 47 Design Methodology and Criteria ................................................................................ 47 1. Idea Generation ........................................................................................................ 47 2. Research and development (R&D) ........................................................................ 48 3. Testing ........................................................................................................................ 48 Design Process ............................................................................................................. 48 Final Designs ................................................................................................................ 49 The Build ...................................................................................................................... 50 The Test ....................................................................................................................... 54 Top Speed ......................................................................................................................... 54 Acceleration ....................................................................................................................... 54 Autonomy ........................................................................................................................... 54 Weight ................................................................................................................................ 54 Horsepower ....................................................................................................................... 54 Overview of the Test ........................................................................................................ 54 Comparison .................................................................................................. 57 Method ........................................................................................................................ 59 Theoretical Aspects ..................................................................................................... 59 Practical Aspects .......................................................................................................... 60 Test Results ...................................................................................................................... 61 Final Scores .................................................................................................................. 62 Conclusions .................................................................................................................. 63 Conclusions .................................................................................................. 67 Conclusions .................................................................................................................. 69 Acknowledgements ..................................................................................................... 70 References ................................................................................................... 71 Bibliography ................................................................................................................. 73 Table of Acronyms and Abbreviations ......................................................................... 77 Table of Figures ..........................................................................................................