ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS AT THE CARTER HOUSE STATE HISTORIC SITE, FRANKLIN, TENNESSEE 2010 ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS AT THE CARTER HOUSE STATE HISTORIC SITE, FRANKLIN, TENNESSEE by Samuel D. Smith and Benjamin C. Nance with contributions by Emanuel Breitburg Fred M. Prouty Robert Daniel Royse Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation Division of Archaeology Report of Investigations No. 14 2010 ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS AT THE CARTER HOUSE STATE HISTORIC SITE, FRANKLIN, TENNESSEE Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation, Division of Archaeology Report of Investigations No. 14 Published 2010 The cover image is from a painting by Don Troiani entitled "Opdycke's Tigers," showing the intense fighting around the Carter House on November 30, 1864. It was provided courtesy of Don Troiani, www.historicalimagebank.com. 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March 2010. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page List of Figures vi List of Tables x Introduction 1 Acknowledgments 3 Historical Background 5 The Carter House During the Civil War 13 Carter House Site Buildings and Features 25 Main House and Yard Features 25 Wing Addition to the Main House 35 The “Office” 36 The Smokehouse 39 Brick Kitchen 41 Moved Log Building 43 “Log Outhouse” 43 Building at End of Wing 44 Building Northwest of End of Wing 44 Building West of Smokehouse 44 Addition at Southwest Corner of Main House 45 Slave Houses 46 The Cotton Gin 46 Miscellaneous Outbuildings 48 The West Tract 51 The North Tract 53 Excavation Projects 55 The 1988 Project 55 Results of the Main House Excavation 59 Results of the Smokehouse Excavation 66 Results of the Well Excavation 67 The 1991 Project 67 The 1998 Project 69 Results of the 1998 Project 71 West Tract Post-Excavation Information 75 West Tract Conclusions 75 iii TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued) Page Carter House Artifact Analysis 77 Introduction 77 Civil War Military Artifact Group 77 General Information for Civil War Arms in Use at the Battle of Franklin 80 Civil War Military Artifacts Recovered at the Carter House in 1988 85 Arms and Ammunition 85 Military Equipage 107 Uniform Items 112 Additional Items 115 Civil War Military Artifacts Recovered at the Carter House in 1991 116 Kitchen Group 117 Ceramics 117 Bottles and Glassware 122 Tableware 123 Kitchenware 124 Tinware 124 Stove Parts 124 Architectural Group 124 Flat Glass 124 Nails and Spikes 127 Door Parts 129 Construction Hardware 129 Furniture Group 130 Furniture Hardware 130 Arms Group 130 Clothing Group 131 Buckles 131 Thimbles 132 Buttons 132 Scissors 132 Straight Pins, Awls 132 Hook and Eye Fasteners 134 Glass Beads 134 Other Clothing Items 134 Personal Group 135 Coins 135 Keys 135 Writing Materials 136 Other Personal Items 136 Tobacco Pipe Group 136 iv TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued) Page Activities Group 136 Construction Tools 137 Toys 137 Fishing Gear 137 Storage Items 137 Ethnobotanical 137 Stable and Barn 137 Miscellaneous Hardware 138 Wire 138 Other Activities 138 Unidentified Metal Objects 138 Amorphous Metal 138 Miscellaneous Modern 139 Other Materials 139 Summary and Conclusions 141 Appendix A – Faunal Remains from the Carter House, Franklin, Tennessee 143 Appendix B – Carter House Cartridge Examinations 157 Appendix C – Prehistoric Artifacts Found at the Carter House 163 Appendix D – Civil War Period Military Artifacts Recovered from the Executive Residence in Nashville, Tennessee 165 Bibliography 177 Authors Cited 177 Other Sources 189 A List of Publications and Reports Concerning Civil War Archaeology, Focusing on Battlefield Archaeology 191 v LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1 Plan of entrenchments and troop positions during the Battle of Franklin 18 2 Enlargement of Carter House area from the map in Figure 1 19 3 Plan of the Federal defenses in the Carter House area 20 4 Map showing known and probable locations of buildings on the Carter House site 26 5 Whole view and close-up of a cake plate with an image of the Carter House as it is supposed to have looked before its stepped parapet gable ends were removed 27 6 Ca. 1884 photograph of the Carter House, facing south 28 7 View of the Carter House facing southeast (1909) 29 8 View of the Carter House facing southwest (1909) 29 9 View of the Carter House facing slightly west of north (1909) 30 10 View of the Carter House from the south showing its relationship to Columbia Pike 30 11 Undated view of the front of the Carter House 31 12 View of the Carter House and grounds from the south (1923) 32 13 Front view of the Carter House, ca. 1936 32 14 Back yard area of the Carter House, ca. 1930s 33 15 Photograph labeled “The Carter House circa 1940” 34 16 Recent photograph of the Carter House well 35 17 Recent photograph of the north face of the main house and wing 36 18 Photograph of the “office” at the end of the Carter House ell 37 19 Ca. 1909 photograph of the “office” at the end of the west wing showing bullet holes in what during the Civil War was its south side 38 vi LIST OF FIGURES (continued) Figure Page 20 Recent photograph of the “office” showing its bullet scarred south side 38 21 The Carter House smokehouse with attached property line fence 39 22 View of the bullet-scarred south side of the Carter House smokehouse 40 23 Members of a 1910 Civil War veterans reunion posing in front of the south side of the Carter House smokehouse 40 24 Recent photograph of the brick kitchen, facing northwest 41 25 Portion of a 1928 Sanborn map showing the Carter House and its smokehouse and kitchen buildings 42 26 Recent photograph of back yard area with the brick kitchen, the “office,” the smokehouse, and the moved in log building 43 27 View of the south end of the Carter House showing a semi- detached addition adjoining the southwest corner, ca. 1940s 45 28 Portion of an 1863 map showing what is assumed to be the Carter cotton gin to the east of the road that is Columbia Pike 47 29 A sketch of the Carter gin and cotton press as they appeared after the Battle of Franklin, drawn by former Union soldier Frank Baltischwiler 47 30 Undated photograph of the Carter cotton gin 49 31 Photograph of the Carter cotton gin viewed from Columbia Pike, facing northeast (late 1870s or early 1880s) 49 32 Franklin High School football field on what is referred to in this report as the West Tract 52 33 A 1964 picture of the Franklin Rodeo being held on the West Tract 52 34 Photograph of Franklin High School before 1956 54 35 Base map showing 1988 excavation units 56 36 View of the Carter House (facing southwest) after completion of first series of 1988 excavation units 57 vii LIST OF FIGURES (continued) Figure Page 37 View of the Carter House (facing northwest) after completion of the first series of 1988 excavation units 57 38 Front side of the Carter House after removal of intervening units south of the front steps, showing the lean-to shelter under construction 58 39 Map showing features recorded during the 1988 excavation 64 40 Completed Square 80N825E at south edge of the Carter House smokehouse 66 41 Square 206N828E, adjacent to the Carter House well 68 42 Cluster of dropped Williams Cleaner bullets found in the Carter House well unit (Square 206N828E) 68 43 Carter House backyard area showing sections of sidewalk between the back of the Carter House and the Kitchen 69 44 Map showing excavation units in the West Tract in relation to the main Carter House tract and the North Tract 70 45 Distribution of Civil War Military Artifact Group artifacts, excluding artifacts from features 89 46 Conical bullet types 90 47 Round ball type bullets 90 48 Examples of impacted bullets 91 49 Examples of mutilated bullets 91 50 Distribution of dropped bullets, excluding those from features 92 51 Distribution of impacted bullets, excluding those from features 93 52 Cartridge and cartridge casing types 99 53 Distribution of cartridge casings and one intact cartridge, excluding those from features 100 viii LIST OF FIGURES (continued) Figure Page 54 Percussion caps 103 55 Distribution of percussion caps, excluding those from features 105 56 Probable canister or case shot from an artillery shell 106 57 Gun Parts 107 58 Possible percussion cap tins 108 59 Cartridge box tins 109 60 Military Equipage items 111 61 Military buttons 113 62 Token stamped Holmes, Booth and Haydens – Waterbury, Ct. 115 ix LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1 Buildings Associated with the Carter House 25 2 1988 Excavation Project Features 60 3 Artifacts from West Tract Test Excavations 72 4 Distribution of Carter House Artifacts by Provenience 78 5 Distribution of 1988 Civil War Military Artifact Group Artifacts by Provenience 87 6 Distribution of Civil War Military Artifacts from Sidewalk Areas 116 7 Distribution of Ceramics by Provenience 118 8 Distribution of Flat Glass by Provenience 126 9 Dating Formulas Applied to Flat Glass Samples 126 10 Distribution of Nails by Provenience 128 11 Distribution of Buttons by Provenience 133 x INTRODUCTION The Carter House, on the south edge of Franklin, Tennessee, is best known for its role in the Civil War Battle of Franklin, which began on the afternoon of November 30, 1864.