Purdue University Purdue e-Pubs Open Access Dissertations Theses and Dissertations January 2015 THE ROAD TO VIENNA: HABSBURG AND OTTOMAN STATECRAFT DURING THE TIME OF GRAND VIZIER KARAS MU TAFA PAŞA (1676-1683) Yasir Yilmaz Purdue University Follow this and additional works at: https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/open_access_dissertations Recommended Citation Yilmaz, Yasir, "THE ROAD TO VIENNA: HABSBURG AND OTTOMAN STATECRAFT DURING THE TIME OF GRAND VIZIER KARA UM STAFA PAŞA (1676-1683)" (2015). Open Access Dissertations. 1438. https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/open_access_dissertations/1438 This document has been made available through Purdue e-Pubs, a service of the Purdue University Libraries. Please contact [email protected] for additional information. Graduate School Form 30 Updated 111512015 PURDUE UNIVERSITY GRADUATE SCHOOL Thesis/Dissertation Acceptance This is to certify that the thesis/dissertation prepared By Yasir YILMAZ Entitled THE ROAD TO VIENNA: HABSBURG AND OTTOMAN STATECRAFT DURING THE TIME OF GRAND VIZIER KARA MUSTAFA PASA (1676-1683) For the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Is approved by the final examining committee: Charles W. Ingrao Chair Virginia H. Aksan Michael G. Smith Silvia Z. Mitchell To the best of my knowledge and as understood by the student in the Thesis/Dissertation Agreement, Publication Delay, and Certification Disclaimer (Graduate School Form 32), this thesis/dissertation adheres to the provisions of Purdue University's "Policy of Integrity in Research" and the use of copyright material. Approved by Major Professor(s): Charles W. Ingrao Approved by: R. Douglas Hurt 10/6/2015 Head of the Departmental Graduate Program Date I THE ROAD TO VIENNA: HABSBURG AND OTTOMAN STATECRAFT DURING THE TIME OF GRAND VIZIER KARA MUSTAFA PAŞA (1676-1683) A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of Purdue University by Yasir Yilmaz In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy December 2015 Purdue University West Lafayette, Indiana ii Semra’ya Hep yanımda olduğun, fedakarlığın, ve gülen yüzün için; en çok o gülen yüzün için. ii iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................... 1 PART ONE: SEVENTEENTH-CENTURY OTTOMAN AND HABSBURG HISTORIOGRAPHY ................................................................................................ 14 CHAPTER 1: A CONTESTED FIELD: SEVENTEENTH-CENTURY OTTOMAN HISTORIOGRAPHY ................................................................................................ 15 New frameworks for the seventeenth century ........................................................... 18 “Renewal of faith” literature: Definition and Critique .............................................. 24 Religion and rationality in the Ottoman Empire ....................................................... 31 Kadızadelis ................................................................................................................ 45 Kadızadelis: A middle ground between crisis-ridden masses and court? ................. 50 CHAPTER 2: GOOD OLD MONARCHY: SEVENTEENTH CENTURY HABSBURG HISTORIOGRAPHY ......................................................................... 56 The Habsburg Monarchy in the second half of the seventeenth century: a historiographical inquiry............................................................................................ 63 PART TWO: THE KÖPRÜLÜ RESTORATION AND KARA MUSTAFA PAŞA 88 CHAPTER 3: KÖPRÜLÜ RESTORATION REFRAMED...................................... 89 “The reign of violence:” seventeenth century before the Köprülüs .......................... 93 iii The restoration of power: Köprülü Mehmed Paşa ..................................................... 97 From restoration to the reign of grand viziers: Köprülüzade Fazıl Ahmed Paşa .... 109 Kara Mustafa Paşa: his career before grand vizierate ............................................ 126 PART THREE: AUSTRIAN-HABSBURG DIPLOMACY DURING THE GRAND VIZIERATE OF KARA MUSTAFA PAŞA, NOVEMBER 1676-AUGUST 1682142 iv Page CHAPTER 4: THE ORIGINS OF HABSBURG-OTTOMAN DIPLOMACY AND THE FORMATIVE FIRST YEAR OF KARA MUSTAFA PAŞA’S GRAND VIZIERATE ............................................................................................................ 142 Pre-1683 Habsburg-Ottoman diplomacy ................................................................. 143 Hyperactivity vs. unilateralism ................................................................................ 144 An historical overview of the Habsburg-Ottoman diplomacy ................................. 150 Preemptive diplomacy in Istanbul: the critical first year of Kara Mustafa Paşa ..... 159 Meeting the new Grand Vizier and first impressions .............................................. 165 “The Vizier has completely changed his mood and demeanor” .............................. 191 A decisive moment: Kara Mustafa Paşa’s treatment of Jan Gninski ...................... 195 CHAPTER 5: PERSISTENT AUSTRIANS VS. NEGLIGENT KARA MUSTAFA PAŞA ....................................................................................................................... 204 Peter Franz Hoffmann’s mission to Istanbul as internuncio .................................... 212 CHAPTER 6: FAILED PREEMPTIVE DIPLOMACY ......................................... 232 Kara Mustafa Paşa’s alter ego: Imre Thököly ......................................................... 243 Alberto Caprara’s journey to Istanbul as internuncio .............................................. 246 EPILOGUE .............................................................................................................. 251 1683: an imperial break in Vienna and Istanbul ...................................................... 251 Habsburg statecraft .................................................................................................. 252 iv Ottoman statecraft .................................................................................................... 256 VITA ........................................................................................................................ 271 BIBLIOGRAPHY.................................................................................................... 275 v ABSTRACT Yilmaz, Yasir. Ph.D., Purdue University, December 2015. The Road to Vienna: Habsburg and Ottoman statecraft during the time of Grand Vizier Kara Mustafa Paşa (1676-1683). Major Professor: Charles W. Ingrao. This dissertation comparatively analyzes Habsburg and Ottoman decision-making and statecraft during the time of Grand Vizier Kara Mustafa Paşa (1676-1683). I synthesize Habsburg diplomatic reports and Ottoman chronicles to show that during the peace negotiations between the Habsburg envoys and Kara Mustafa Paşa’s court before the second Turkish siege of Vienna in 1683, the two state’s diplomatic postures were shaped by their different court structures. At the end, in response to the religiously-oriented explanations of early modern Habsburg-Ottoman confrontations, I argue that the monumental encounter in 1683 was a product of the difference between the two states’ governmental priorities and administrative mindsets formed within peculiar geopolitical conditions. This conclusion transforms our understanding of not only a specific moment v in 1683, but also of early modern European-Islamic world confrontations by showing that a full comprehension of the two world’s relations can be achieved primarily through comparative case studies of tangible phenomena, such as governmental structures, strategic objectives, and personal ambitions. 1 INTRODUCTION On the night of May 11, 1683 the Habsburg courier Adam Schönberger arrived in Istanbul. He had brought to the Austrian delegation in the Ottoman capital the good news of the alliance signed between Emperor Leopold I (1658-1705) and Polish King Jan Sobieski III (1674-1696). Johann Giovanni Benaglia, who had joined the Austrian delegation as the secretary of the Hofburg’s special envoy Alberto Caprara, noted in his journal that “one has to thank the fatherly providence and the diligence of Innocent XI for this alliance.” This was a “wonderful treaty from which great benefits sprang.” However, he added, “the Turks do not believe the same as they are very haughty; they would not be afraid even if the entire Christendom united against them. The truth is,” Benaglia remarked, “their arrogance is so high that it will be the cause of their collapse and decline.”1 Two months later, the Ottoman armies under the command of Grand Vizier Kara Mustafa Paşa (1676-1683) appeared in front of the walls of the Habsburg capital Vienna for the second Turkish siege of the city. The grand vizier had forced the Austrian 1 delegation to march with the Ottoman main army into the outskirts Vienna. 1 Johann Giovanni Benaglia, Außführliche Reiß-Beschreibung von Wien nach Constantinopel und wieder zurück in Teutschland, auch was sich Merckwürdiges dabey zugetragen: deß Hoch-Gebohrnen Grafen und Herrn, Herrn Albrecht Caprara etc. etc., welche er als Ihro Römisch-Keyserl. Maj. Extraordinari- Gesandter und Gevollmächtigter den Stillstand mit der Ottomannis. Pforten zu verlängern, verrichtet (Franckfurt: Matth. Wagner, 1687), 116–117. 2 What the Austrians witnessed as they approached the city was distressing: “As we approached, our sorrow multiplied in seeing so deplorable spectacles…We only felt the highest displeasure when we saw the [Kaiser]Ebersdorf, the imperial