ISTANBUL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY EVOLUTION OF URBAN AGRICULTURE CONCEPT AND DETERMINATION OF DESIGN CRITERIA M.Sc. Thesis by Meliz AKYOL Department : Landscape Architecture Programme : Landscape Architecture JULY 2011 ISTANBUL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY EVOLUTION OF URBAN AGRICULTURE CONCEPT AND DETERMINATION OF DESIGN CRITERIA M.Sc. Thesis by Meliz AKYOL (502081605) Date of submission : 20 Temmuz 2011 Date of defence examination: 25 Temmuz 2011 Supervisor (Chairman) : Assos. Prof. Dr. Hayriye EŞBAH TUNÇAY (ITU) Members of the Examining Committee : Assos. Prof. Dr. Azime TEZER (ITU) Lecturer Dr. Fatma Ayçim TÜRER BAŞKAYA (ITU) JULY 2011 İSTANBUL TEKNİK ÜNİVERSİTESİ FEN BİLİMLERİ ENSTİTÜSÜ KENTSEL TARIMIN TARİHİ GELİŞİMİ VE KENTSEL TARIM TASARIM KRİTERLERİNİN BELİRLENMESİ YÜKSEK LİSANS TEZİ Meliz AKYOL (502081605) Tezin Enstitüye Verildiği Tarih : 20 Temmuz 2011 Tezin Savunulduğu Tarih : 25 Temmuz 2011 Tez Danışmanı : Doç. Dr. Hayriye EŞBAH TUNÇAY (İTÜ) Diğer Jüri Üyeleri : Doç. Dr. Azime TEZER (İTÜ) Öğr. Gör. Dr. Fatma Ayçim TÜRER BAŞKAYA (İTÜ) TEMMUZ 2011 Aileme, FOREWORD I would like to express my appreciation and thanks for my advisor Doç. Dr. Hayriye EġBAH TUNÇAY for her guidance and support during my master study with her unfailing patience, deep knowledge and experience that she shared without hesitance. In addition, I would like to thank to my beloved family; my mother Ayten AKYOL, and my father Rıfat AKYOL, and Özgür ALAY for always believing in me and supporting me. In addition, I would like to thank Berkem AKYOL for coming from far away to contribute to the English writing of this thesis. I also appreciate the support that M. Akif ERDOĞAN and Semih NOGAY have given through the development period of this thesis. Last but not least I deeply thank my colleagues Sara DEMĠR, Müge TOKUġ and Esra SERT for their patience during my dense study periods. I also wish the same enjoyment for them with their final master theses, there is no greater pleasure. July, 2011 Meliz Akyol Landscape Architect v vi TABLE OF CONTENTS Page TABLE OF CONTENTS ......................................................................................... vii ABBREVIATIONS ................................................................................................... ix LIST OF TABLES .................................................................................................... xi LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................ xiii SUMMARY .............................................................................................................. xv ÖZET ....................................................................................................................... xvii 1. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Method ............................................................................................................... 3 2. SUSTAINABILITY AND URBAN AGRICULTURE ........................................ 7 2.1 Sustainability and Urban Environments ............................................................. 7 2.2 Urban Sustainability: The Role of Urban Agriculture ....................................... 8 2.2.1 Permaculture as a tool for urban agriculture ............................................. 10 3. EVOLUTION OF URBAN AGRICULTURE ................................................. 15 3.1 Pre-Indusrty Era 1500-1700 ............................................................................... 15 3.2 Industrial Revolution Era 1700-1900 ............................................................... 17 3.3 World War I Era 1900-1930 .............................................................................. 22 3.4 World War II Era 1930-1950 ............................................................................. 24 3.5 Post War Era 1950-1970 .................................................................................... 27 3.6 Age of Sustainability 1970-2000s ...................................................................... 31 3.7 Section Summary ............................................................................................. 36 4. URBAN AGRICULTURE CONCEPTS: DEFINITION, CRITERIA AND EXAMPLES ............................................................................................................ 41 4.1. Allotment Gardens ...................................................................................... 41 4.1.1 Benefits of allotment gardens ................................................................ 48 4.1. 2 Allotment garden criteria ...................................................................... 49 4.2. Community Gardens ................................................................................... 50 4.2.1 Benefits of community gardens ............................................................. 55 4.2. 2 Community garden criteria ................................................................... 56 4.3. City Farms ................................................................................................... 56 4.3.1 Benefits of city farms ............................................................................. 63 4.3.2 City farm criteria .................................................................................... 64 4.2 Concept Comparison ......................................................................................... 64 5. URBN AGRICULTURE IN TURKEY ............................................................. 69 5.1 Institutional Environment .................................................................................. 69 5.1.1 Institutions .............................................................................................. 69 5.1.2 Legislations and regulations ................................................................... 73 5.1.3 Non Governmental Organisations .......................................................... 76 5.2 Urban Agriculture Examples in Turkey .............................................................. 78 6. CONCLUSION AND RECOMANDETIONS ................................................... 85 REFERENCES ......................................................................................................... 91 CURRICULUM VITAE .......................................................................................... 99 vii viii ABBREVIATIONS AFF : Ankara Ataturk Forest Farm Agenda21 : UN Conference on Environment and Development, 1992 CCG : Clinton Community Garden EIA : Environmental Impact Assessment EPA : Environmental Protection Agency FAO : The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations GDP : Gross Domestic Product (GSYIH) IUCN : International Union for Conservation of Nature TEMA :The Turkish Foundation for Combating Soil Erosion, for Reforestation and the protection of Natural Habitats TOKİ : Housing Development Administration of Turkey TUIK : Turkish Statics Association UA : Urban Agriculture UN : United Nations USA : United States of America WCED : World Commission on Environment and Development WHO : World Health Organization WWF : World Wild Found WW I : World War I WW II : World War II ix x LIST OF TABLES Page Table 3.1. : Urban agriculture types in Havana (Cruz and Medina, 2003)…………29 Table 4.1 : Criteria for urban agriculture concepts…….…………………………...66 xi xii LIST OF FIGURES Page Figure 2.1: Permaculture flower (Holmgren, 2002)..................................................11 Figure 2.2: Zone placement out from kitchen door. A permaculture example for a house garden (Mollison, 1979).......................................................12 Figure 3.1: Eras of Urban Agriculture History..........................................................15 Figure 3.2: The king‟s kitchen garden, at Versailles (Url23)....................................16 Figure 3.3: The Great Western Railway (Steel, 2007) .............................................18 Figure 3.4. : A “Kleingarten” in Germany, 1850 (Demir, S., 2007, URL-11)……..19 Figure 3.5 : Colony Eden in Germany, 1893and Anarchy and self-help, 1871- 1918 (URL-11)………....………………..……………………20 Figure 3.6: Refudge among the ruins, 1945-1949 and Allotment gardens in Germany in 1950 (Holmer, R., 2003)……………………. ……...…24 Figure 3.7. : Dig for Victory Campaign posters (Url-24)…………………………..25 Figure 3.8.: Gardeners fend off starvation in Berlin, 1946, and a crater garden in London, 1943 (Url-25) …...………….........................…26 Figure 3.9: The Jefferson County ommunity cannery, 1943 (Url-22)………..…….26 Figure 3.10: Arcosanti by Paolo Soleri (Url- 36)……………………………….….32 Figure 3.11: Locavore Fantasia, a proposal for NYC (Url-27)……………....…….34 Figure 3.12: The Dragonfly Vertical Farm by Vincent Callebaut Architects (Kain, 2009). …….……………………...……………………….… 35 Figure 3.13: Pyramid Farm (Url-28)…………………………………………….….36 Figure 3.14: Diagram of Thresholds of UA through history…………………..….. 38 Figure 4.1: Hedges of Naerum allotment gardens (Url-12)……………………...…42 Figure 4.2: Denmark‟s oval allotment gardens (Url-12)…...………………………43 Figure 4.3: Naerum allotment gardens, 1948 (Url-12)…………………………..…43 Figure 4.4: Etterstad Kolonihager:The oldest allotment garden in Norway…..……43 Figure 4.5: The largest allotment gardens in Norway: Solvang Kolonihager in Oslo (URL-16) ………………………………………………………44 Figure 4.6:Typical allotment garden on Käferberg hill