Advances in African Economic, Social and Political Development Adeoye O. Akinola Editor The Political Economy of Xenophobia in Africa Advances in African Economic, Social and Political Development Series Editors Diery Seck, CREPOL - Center for Research on Political Economy, Dakar, Senegal Juliet U. Elu, Morehouse College, Atlanta, GA, USA Yaw Nyarko, New York University, NY, USA Africa is emerging as a rapidly growing region, still facing major challenges, but with a potential for significant progress – a transformation that necessitates vigorous efforts in research and policy thinking. This book series focuses on three intricately related key aspects of modern-day Africa: economic, social and political development. Making use of recent theoretical and empirical advances, the series aims to provide fresh answers to Africa’s development challenges. All the socio- political dimensions of today’s Africa are incorporated as they unfold and new policy options are presented. The series aims to provide a broad and interactive forum of science at work for policymaking and to bring together African and international researchers and experts. The series welcomes monographs and contributed volumes for an academic and professional audience, as well as tightly edited conference proceedings. Relevant topics include, but are not limited to, economic policy and trade, regional integration, labor market policies, demographic development, social issues, political economy and political systems, and environmental and energy issues. More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/11885 Adeoye O. Akinola Editor The Political Economy of Xenophobia in Africa Editor Adeoye O. Akinola University of Zululand KwaDlangezwa, South Africa ISSN 2198-7262 ISSN 2198-7270 (electronic) Advances in African Economic, Social and Political Development ISBN 978-3-319-64896-5 ISBN 978-3-319-64897-2 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-64897-2 Library of Congress Control Number: 2017956902 © Springer International Publishing AG 2018 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. 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Printed on acid-free paper This Springer imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Springer International Publishing AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland Contents 1 Introduction: Understanding Xenophobia in Africa ���������������������������� 1 Adeoye O. Akinola 2 Crisis of Identity and Xenophobia in Africa: The Imperative of a Pan-African Thought Liberation ���������������������������������������������������� 9 Samuel Oloruntoba 3 The Scourge of Xenophobia: From Botswana to Zambia �������������������� 23 Adeoye O. Akinola 4 The Context of Xenophobia in Africa: Nigeria and South Africa in Comparison ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 37 Ebenezer O. Oni and Samuel K. Okunade 5 Nigeria’s Attitude Towards South Africa’s Perceived Xenophobia: Exploring a Shared Hegemonic Power for Africa’s Development ������ 53 Olusola Ogunnubi and Lere Amusan 6 Democratization and Legitimization of Xenophobia in Ghana . 69 Collins Adu-Bempah Brobbey 7 South African Higher Education: The Paradox of Soft Power and Xenophobia . 81 Oluwaseun Tella 8 Frustration-Aggression, Afrophobia and the Psycho-Social Consequences of Corruption in South Africa ���������������������������������������� 93 Regis Wilson and Lulu Magam 9 From Hate to Love: Black South Africans and the Xenophobia Project . 109 Omololu Fagbadebo and Fayth Ruffin v vi Contents 10 Xenophobia, Racism and the Travails of ‘Black’ Immigrants in South Africa. 125 Tolulope Adeogun and Olumuyiwa Faluyi 11 The Xenophobia-Coloniality Nexus: Zimbabwe’s Experience ������������ 135 Everisto Benyera 12 Zimbabwe and the Quest for Development: Rethinking the Xeno- Ethnophobia Tint and the Land Reform Question . 153 Lukong Stella Shulika and Stella Chewe Sabi 13 Xenophobia and the Paradox of Regionalism in Africa: The West African Experience . 169 Adeoye O. Akinola Contributors Tolulope Adeogun College of Humanities, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa Adeoye O. Akinola University of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa, South Africa Lere Amusan North-West University, Mahikeng, South Africa Everisto Benyera Political Sciences, University of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa Collins Adu-Bempah Brobbey Institute of Journalism, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana Olumuyiwa Faluyi College of Humanities, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa Omololu Fagbadebo Public Governance School of Management, IT and Governance, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg Campus, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa Lukong Stella Shulika Conflict Transformation and Peace Studies, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa Lulu Magam University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa Olusola Ogunnubi Mangosuthu University of Technology, Umlazi, Durban, South Africa Samuel K. Okunade Department of Conflict Transformation and Peace Studies, University of KwaZulu-Natal (UKZN), Pietermaritzburg, South Africa Samuel Oloruntoba Thabo Mbeki Institute, University of South Africa (UNISA), Pretoria, South Africa vii viii Contributors Ebenezer O. Oni Department of Political Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa (UKZN), South Africa Fayth Ruffin Public Governance School of Management, IT and Governance, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban, South Africa Stella Chewe Sabi Food Security, African Centre for Food Security, School of Agricultural, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa Oluwaseun Tella University of South Africa (UNISA), Pretoria, South Africa Regis Wilson University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa Chapter 1 Introduction: Understanding Xenophobia in Africa Adeoye O. Akinola Colonialism militarised African societies and imposed a violent character upon the state, leading to the institutionalization of a culture of violence within the state and society. This explains the diverse forms of political instability, insurgency, terrorism and civil war experienced in many African countries. Recently, xenophobic vio- lence has become part of the African story. Although this is not a new phenomenon, its destructive nature is cause for concern among stakeholders in African peace, security and development projects. From Ghana to Nigeria and Zambia to South Africa hostility has been directed against ‘the others’ and non-nationals of African descent. While there is a rich literature on the violent manifestation of xenophobia in Africa, few studies have explored the non-violent expression of xenophobia in countries like Botswana. This book captures both violent and non-violent manifes- tations of xenophobia and its effects on the state, economy and economy. “Are you xenophobic?” a student asked me during class in 2013. I hesitated and said, “Better still, what is xenophobia?” Xenophobia is a derivative of a Greek word ‘xenos’, which means ‘stranger’ or ‘foreigner’ and ‘phobos’, which connotes ‘fear’. Xenophobia can be best conceived as a deep hatred of immigrants by nationals of the host state. Crush and Ramachandran refer to xenophobia as “highly negative perceptions and practices that discriminate against non-citizen groups on the basis of their foreign origin or nationality” (Dassah 2015). The terms racism and xenophobia have often been conflated in the literature. Although racism is a branch of xenophobia, it refers to discrimination based on biological attributes or skin pigmentation, while xenophobia captures all forms of discrimination against those considered to be ‘different’, and non-national. In South Africa for example, locals seem to accommodate citizens from Ghana and Senegal, A.O. Akinola (*) University of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa, South Africa e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected] © Springer International Publishing AG 2018 1 A.O. Akinola (ed.), The Political Economy of Xenophobia in Africa, Advances in African Economic, Social and Political Development, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-64897-2_1 2 A.O. Akinola while displaying acute hostility to those from Nigeria, Zimbabwe and Somalia. Kaluba situates the xenophobia-racism nexus in context: In countries where people of different races live, xenophobia