The Pennsylvania State University The G radu ate Sc hool D epartm ent of Spanish, I talian and Portu gu ese AN EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH TO SYLLABLE WEIGHT AND STRESS IN SPANISH A Thesis in Spanish by M ic hael Shelton ! ! " M ic hael Shelton Su bm itted in Partial # u lfillm ent of the $ e% u irem ents for the D egree of D oc tor of Philosophy Au gu st ! ! " The thesis of M ic hael Shelton &as revie&ed and approved' by the follo&ing( ) enry * + G erfen Assoc iate Professor of Spanish and , ingu istic s Thesis Advisor - hair of - om m ittee * u dith # + . roll , iberal Arts $ esearc h Professor of Psyc hology and , ingu istic s * ohn M + , ips/ i 0d&in 0rle Spar/ s Professor of Spanish and , ingu istic s 1+ $ ic hard Page Assoc iate Professor of G erm an and , ingu istic s 2 ic ol3s G u ti4 rre5 Palm a Assistant Professor of Psyc hology 6 University of * a4 n, Spain Spec ial M em ber 7 illiam $ + 1lu e Professor of Spanish ) ead of the D epartm ent of Spanish, I talian and Portu gu ese 'Signatu res are on file in the G radu ate Sc hool iii ABSTRACT This &or/ e8am ines the c ognitive representation of phonotac tic c onstraints on Spanish stress via the c ollec tion of behavioral data+ - ritic al stim u li in fou r e8perim ents c onsist of non&ords that violate the Spanish stress &indo&+ 08perim ent 9 finds statistic al differenc es am ong latenc y and ac c u rac y data for stim u li that represent theoretic ally prosc ribed se% u enc es, theoretic ally lic it se% u enc es that are u nattested for diac hronic reasons, and fu lly lic it gaps+ 08perim ents and : find differential patterning of rising and falling diphthongs+ 08perim ent ; tests the tim e c ou rse of phonologic al enc oding and evidenc es differential treatm ent of both diphthong types ac ross delays in a delayed nam ing tas/ + The data are interpreted as evidenc e in favor of sensitivity to a c ontinu u m of &eight ac ross the le8ic on+ The findings c hallenge traditional approac hes to syllable &eight &hic h c all for a c ategoric al, binary light<heavy distinc tion+ $ ather, the resu lts ac c ord &ith a stoc hastic or probabilistic c onc eption of the le8ic on in &hic h spea/ ers of a langu age are able to trac / statistic al patterns of e8tant c om binations of sou nds in order c onstru c t a phonologic al gram m ar that is gradient in natu re+ I m plic ations for t&o prom inent psyc holingu istic m odels of speec h produ c tion =, evelt et al+, 9>>>? D ell 9>@A, 9>@@B are also disc u ssed+ Spec ific ally, the findings c hallenge the proponents of eac h m odel to ac c ou nt better for the interac tion of stress and syllableClevel enc oding, both as represented in the le8ic on and ac ross tim e du ring proc essing+ iv TABLE OF CONTENTS , I ST D # # I G U$ 0S ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++vii , I ST D # TA1, 0S+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++8 A- . 2 D 7 , 0D G 0M 02 TS+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++8i - hapter 9 I ntrodu c tion and 1ac / grou nd++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++9 9+9 I ntrodu c tion ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++9 9+ Phonology and phonotac tic / no&ledge ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++: 9+ +9 G enerative approac hes to phonotac tic enc oding +++++++++++++++++++++++++; 9+ + Stoc hastic approac hes 6 An alternative to c ategoric al ac c ou nts+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++@ 9+ +: G radient c onstraints+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++9: 9+: Phonotac tic G aps and Stress in Spanish+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++9" 9+:+9 The threeCsyllable &indo& +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++9" 9+:+ 7 eight sensitivity 6 G enerative approac hes++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++9> 9+:+: 2 ongenerative ac c ou nts of Spanish stress assignm ent+++++++++++++++ A 9+:+; D iphthongs in Spanish+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++:9 9+; A 1ehavioral Approac h 6 Psyc holingu istic M odels of $ eading and Speec h Produ c tion+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++:E 9+;+9 M odels of reading +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++:A 9+;+9+9 The du alCrou te m odel++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++:" 9+;+9+ Parallel c onnec tionist m odels++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++;! 9+;+9+: Pseu dohom ophone effec ts +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++;E 9+;+ Syllable enc oding in psyc holingu istic m odels of speec h produ c tion+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++;> 9+;+ +9 D ellF s t&oCstep interac tive ac tivation m odel+++++++++++++++++++++++E9 9+;+ + , evelt, $ oelofs and M eyerF s serial disc rete m odel+++++++++++++E 9+;+ +: 0m piric al su pport for D ellF s m odel of speec h produ c tion++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++E" 9+;+ +; 0m piric al su pport for , evelt et al+F s m odel of speec h produ c tion++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++E> 9+;+ +E 0videnc e of syllable enc oding from Spanish++++++++++++++++++++++A 9+E Stru c tu re of the dissertation ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++"! 9+E+9 D esc ription of behavioral tas/ s++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++"9 9+E+ Su bse% u ent c hapters ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++": - hapter 08perim ent 9( Speeded 2 am ing Tas/ C G eneral++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++"E +9 I ntrodu c tion++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++"E + Partic ipants+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++"A +: M aterials +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++"" v +; Proc edu re++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++@E +E D ata Analyses +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++@" +A $ esu lts and D isc u ssion++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++@> +A+9 G eneral findings +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++@> +A+ Palatal final onsets+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++>E +A+: $ ising and falling diphthongs+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++9! +A+; # illers ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++9! A +A+E G eneral disc u ssion+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++9! " - hapter : 08perim ent ( Speeded 2 am ing Tas/ C D iphthongs+++++++++++++++++++++++99! :+9 I ntrodu c tion++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++99! :+ Partic ipants+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++999 :+: M aterials +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++999 :+; Proc edu re++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++99; :+E D ata Analyses +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++99A :+A $ esu lts and D isc u ssion++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++99@ - hapter ; 08perim ent :( Speeded 2 am ing Tas/ 6 D iphthongs $ eplic ation++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++9:! ;+9 I ntrodu c tion++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++9:! ;+ Partic ipants+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++9:9 ;+: M aterials +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++9:9 ;+; Proc edu re++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++9:9 ;+E D ata Analyses +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++9:9 ;+A $ esu lts and D isc u ssion++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++9:9 - hapter E 08perim ent ;( D elayed 2 am ing Tas/ +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++9; E+9 I ntrodu c tion++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++9; E+ Partic ipants+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++9;: E+: M aterials +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++9;: E+; Proc edu re++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++9;; E+E D ata Analyses +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++9;" E+A $ esu lts and D isc u ssion++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++9;@ - hapter A - onc lu sions and I m plic ations +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++9">