HARANDE Integrated report1: ‘‘Political Economy Analysis for food and nutrition security and community resilience, and analysis of conflicts affecting food, nutrition and income security in Harande program area’’ Supervision: Dr Niagalé Bagayoko (African Security Sector Network) Team: Boubacar Ba Kalilou Sidibe Boukary Sangaré Kadari Traoré Alessandro Totoro Final report January, 2017 1 This report combines two assessments conducted through the Harande programme: “Political Economy Analysis for food and nutrition security and community resilience in Northern Mali” and “Conflict study in Harande programme area: understanding the prevalent conflicts that affect food, nutrition and income security in Mopti”. 1 CARE‐Harande: Political Economy Analysis and Conflict Assessment, January, 2017 Table of Contents Abbreviations .......................................................................................................................................... 6 List of boxes ............................................................................................................................................. 7 Executive summary: ................................................................................................................................. 8 Background and methodology ................................................................................................................. 8 Section 1: Power Relations, Food Security, Resources Management and Conflicts in the Region of Mopti: Literature Review ............................................................................................................. 11 I. Customary Power Relations in the Management of Resources Essential for Food Security .......... 12 I.1 in the Delta Region ................................................................................................................................... 13 I.2 In the dry areas .......................................................................................................................................... 14 II. Breaks with Tradition Introduced by Decentralization and Natural Resource Law ................. 14 II.1 Enhanced Political Influence of villages ............................................................................................... 15 II.2 Overlapping Customary and Legal Rules .............................................................................................. 16 III. Community Upheavals Provocked by Agricultural Development Policies ............................... 18 III.1 Reconfiguration of Power Relations between Herdsmen and Farmers in the Various Communities ........................................................................................................................................................... 18 III.2 Reconfiguration of Power Relations within Fulani Communities .................................................... 19 IV. Climatic and demographic factors .................................................................................................. 19 IV.1 Resource degradation due to climatic factors ........................................................................................... 20 IV.2 Demographic pressure ............................................................................................................................. 20 V. Networks Involved in Food Security Resource Management ......................................................... 20 VI. Impact of Recurrent Conflicts and of the Prevailing Crisis in Northern Mali on Food Security and Resilience .................................................................................................................................... 21 VI.1 Typology of Conflicts ............................................................................................................................... 21 VI.2 Causes of Conflicts .................................................................................................................................... 22 VI.3 Impacts of Recurrent Conflicts on Livelihood and Food Security in Communities ..................... 23 VI.4. The Particular Impact of the Northern Mali Security Crisis on Mopti Region .............................. 23 VI.4.a. Aggravated Insecurity ................................................................................................... 24 VI.4.b. Influence of Northern Armed Groups in the Region ................................................... 24 VI.4.c. Frustrations associated with the Arrival of Refugees and Displaced People ............. 26 2 CARE‐Harande: Political Economy Analysis and Conflict Assessment, January, 2017 VI.4.e. Tensions between Rebel Movements and the FAMA forces ...................................... 27 VII. Conflict Management Mechanisms ................................................................................................. 27 Section 2: a Field Research Synthesis on Formal and Informal Resource Management Institutions in Bandiagara, Douentza, Tenenkou and Youwarou: ....................................................................... 29 I. The District of Bandiagara ............................................................................................................ 30 I.1 Changes in Current Exploitation of Natural Spaces ........................................................................... 30 I.2 Importance of Land Acquisition and Disposal Methods ........................................................................... 31 I.3 Importance of Customary Ceremonials in Exploiting Resources ............................................................. 31 I.4 The various Perceptions of the Natural Resource Legal Frameworks ............................................. 31 I.5 Non-Governmental Players Involved in Resource Management ..................................................... 32 II. The District of Douentza ............................................................................................................. 32 II.1 Resource Exploitation in the District of Douentza ............................................................................. 33 II.2 Description of Local Practices in Natural Resource Management ................................................... 33 II.3 Traditional Land Acquisition Modes ..................................................................................................... 34 II.4 Non-Government Actors Involved in Resource Management ......................................................... 35 III. The Districts of Tenenkou and Youwarou ................................................................................. 35 Section 3: A Field Research Synthesis on Conflicts in the Districts of Bandiagara, Douentza, Tenenkou and Youwarou ............................................................................................................................. 36 I. Conflicts in the District of Bandiagara ....................................................................................... 36 I.1 Security Situation in the District ............................................................................................................. 36 I.2 Recurrent Conflicts in Localities of the Bandiagara District ............................................................ 37 I.3 Causes of Conflicts and Violence ........................................................................................................... 37 I.4 Consequences of Conflicts and Violence .............................................................................................. 38 I.5 Presentation of Customary Dispute Management Institutions in the District of Bandiagara ...... 38 I.6 Perceptions on Formal and Informal Dispute Settlement Mechanisms .......................................... 39 II. The District of Douentza ............................................................................................................... 40 II.1 Impacts of the 2012 Security Crisis ........................................................................................................ 40 II.3 Impact of Violence on Communities .................................................................................................... 41 II.4 Conflict Management Mechanisms ........................................................................................................ 42 II.5 Perceptions of Formal and Informal Conflict Management Mechanisms ...................................... 42 II.6 Resilience of Communities to Conflicts Impacts................................................................................. 43 II.7 Non-governement Actors Involved in Conflict Management .......................................................... 43 III. The Districts of Tenenkou and Youwarou ................................................................................. 43 3 CARE‐Harande: Political Economy Analysis and Conflict Assessment, January, 2017 III.1 Impacts of the 2012 Security Crisis ........................................................................................................ 43 III.2 Recurrent Disputes ................................................................................................................................... 44 III.3 Origins of Resource Conflicts ................................................................................................................. 45 III.4 Manifestations and Consequences of Conflicts for Populations