TAXON: Derris elliptica (Wall.) SCORE: 8.0 RATING: High Risk Benth. Taxon: Derris elliptica (Wall.) Benth. Family: Fabaceae Common Name(s): derris Synonym(s): Cylista piscatoria Blanco tubaroot Deguelia elliptica (Benth.) Taub. Galactia termimaliflora Blanco Galedupa elliptica Roxb. Millettia piscatoria Merr. Millettia splendidissima S.Vidal Pongamia elliptica Wall. Pongamia volubilis Zoll. & Moritzi Assessor: Chuck Chimera Status: Assessor Approved End Date: 13 Jul 2018 WRA Score: 8.0 Designation: H(HPWRA) Rating: High Risk Keywords: Tropical Liana, Toxic, Smothering, Self-Incompatible, Rarely Fruits Qsn # Question Answer Option Answer 101 Is the species highly domesticated? y=-3, n=0 n 102 Has the species become naturalized where grown? 103 Does the species have weedy races? Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If 201 island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute "wet (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) (See Appendix 2) High tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" 202 Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) (See Appendix 2) High 203 Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) y=1, n=0 y Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or 204 y=1, n=0 y subtropical climates Does the species have a history of repeated introductions 205 y=-2, ?=-1, n=0 y outside its natural range? 301 Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Appendix 2), n= question 205 y 302 Garden/amenity/disturbance weed n=0, y = 1*multiplier (see Appendix 2) y 303 Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed 304 Environmental weed 305 Congeneric weed n=0, y = 1*multiplier (see Appendix 2) y 401 Produces spines, thorns or burrs y=1, n=0 n 402 Allelopathic y=1, n=0 n 403 Parasitic y=1, n=0 n 404 Unpalatable to grazing animals Creation Date: 13 Jul 2018 (Derris elliptica (Wall.) Page 1 of 16 Benth.) TAXON: Derris elliptica (Wall.) SCORE: 8.0 RATING: High Risk Benth. Qsn # Question Answer Option Answer 405 Toxic to animals y=1, n=0 y 406 Host for recognized pests and pathogens y=1, n=0 n 407 Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans y=1, n=0 y 408 Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems 409 Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle y=1, n=0 n Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone 410 y=1, n=0 y conditions if not a volcanic island) 411 Climbing or smothering growth habit y=1, n=0 y 412 Forms dense thickets y=1, n=0 n 501 Aquatic y=5, n=0 n 502 Grass y=1, n=0 n 503 Nitrogen fixing woody plant y=1, n=0 n Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs 504 y=1, n=0 n -- bulbs, corms, or tubers) Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native 601 y=1, n=0 n habitat 602 Produces viable seed y=1, n=-1 y 603 Hybridizes naturally 604 Self-compatible or apomictic y=1, n=-1 n 605 Requires specialist pollinators 606 Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation y=1, n=-1 y 607 Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1 2 Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants 701 growing in heavily trafficked areas) 702 Propagules dispersed intentionally by people y=1, n=-1 y 703 Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant y=1, n=-1 n 704 Propagules adapted to wind dispersal y=1, n=-1 n 705 Propagules water dispersed y=1, n=-1 y 706 Propagules bird dispersed y=1, n=-1 n 707 Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally) y=1, n=-1 n 708 Propagules survive passage through the gut y=1, n=-1 n 801 Prolific seed production (>1000/m2) y=1, n=-1 n Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 802 y=1, n=-1 n yr) 803 Well controlled by herbicides 804 Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced 805 biocontrol agents) Creation Date: 13 Jul 2018 (Derris elliptica (Wall.) Page 2 of 16 Benth.) TAXON: Derris elliptica (Wall.) SCORE: 8.0 RATING: High Risk Benth. Supporting Data: Qsn # Question Answer 101 Is the species highly domesticated? n Source(s) Notes "D. elliptica may start flowering at 18 months of age. Wild plants Orwa C,, Mutua, A., Kindt R., Jamnadass, R, & Anthony, S. flower and fruit normally. Pods ripen about 4 months after 2009 Agroforestree Database: a tree reference and fertilization. In cultivation fruiting is rare." [Rarely fruits in selection guide version 4.0. cultivation, but no evidence found that this trait has been selected http://www.worldagroforestry.org. [Accessed 13 Jul 2018] for] Hanelt, P. (ed.). 2001. Mansfeld's Encyclopedia of "Several cultivars (mostly clones of this vegetatively propagated Agricultural and Horticultural Crops, Volume 2. Springer- crop) are widespread in cultivation and have bean selected for high Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York rotenone content (13% of the roots)." [Cultivation history has resulted in plants with higher rotenone content] "In South-East Asia, derris is widely distributed as a wild plant, but it has also been cultivated in gardens since ancient times. Westphal, E., & Jansen, P. C. M. (Eds.). (1989). Plant This has resulted in the present situation where, on Java, for Resources of South-East Asia. A Selection. Pudoc/Prosea, instance, wild plants vary widely but have a low rotenone content Wageningen, Netherlands (0.5 %), whereas the cultivated plants vary little but have a high rotenone content (12-13 %). Collections of both provenances are available." 102 Has the species become naturalized where grown? Source(s) Notes WRA Specialist. 2018. Personal Communication NA 103 Does the species have weedy races? Source(s) Notes WRA Specialist. 2018. Personal Communication NA Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If 201 island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute "wet High tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" Source(s) Notes Smith, A.C. 1985. Flora Vitiensis Nova: A New Flora of Fiji "Distribution: India into Malesia, but apparently not indigenous in (Spermatophytes Only). Volume 3. National Tropical New Guinea as often stated." Botanical Garden, Lawai, HI "Native Asia-Tropical USDA, ARS, Germplasm Resources Information Network. INDIAN SUBCONTINENT: Bangladesh, India, [Assam, Meghalaya, 2018. National Plant Germplasm System [Online Orissa, Punjab, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal] Nepal Database]. http://www.ars-grin.gov/npgs/index.html. INDO-CHINA: Cambodia, India, [Andaman and Nicobar] Laos, [Accessed 13 Jul 2018] Myanmar, Thailand MALESIA: Malaysia, Philippines" 202 Quality of climate match data High Creation Date: 13 Jul 2018 (Derris elliptica (Wall.) Page 3 of 16 Benth.) TAXON: Derris elliptica (Wall.) SCORE: 8.0 RATING: High Risk Benth. Qsn # Question Answer Source(s) Notes USDA, ARS, Germplasm Resources Information Network. 2018. National Plant Germplasm System [Online Database]. http://www.ars-grin.gov/npgs/index.html. [Accessed 13 Jul 2018] 203 Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) y Source(s) Notes "D. elliptica is commonly found in forest edges, roadsides and along rivers, in Java up to 1500 m altitude. D. elliptica may occur as weeds Orwa C,, Mutua, A., Kindt R., Jamnadass, R, & Anthony, S. in forest plantations of Acacia, Eucalyptus and Swietenia. D. elliptica 2009 Agroforestree Database: a tree reference and can survive dry periods of up to 4 months. This species is often selection guide version 4.0. confined to low altitudes. BIOPHYSICAL LIMITS Altitude: Up to 1500 http://www.worldagroforestry.org. [Accessed 13 Jul 2018] m." [Tropical climate but elevation range >1000m, demonstrating environmental versatility] Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or 204 y subtropical climates Source(s) Notes "Distribution: India into Malesia, but apparently not indigenous in Smith, A.C. 1985. Flora Vitiensis Nova: A New Flora of Fiji New Guinea as often stated (Verdcourt, 1979, cited above), now (Spermatophytes Only). Volume 3. National Tropical introduced into many tropical areas as a fish poison and a potential Botanical Garden, Lawai, HI insecticide and often naturalized." "Native Asia-Tropical USDA, ARS, Germplasm Resources Information Network. INDIAN SUBCONTINENT: Bangladesh, India, [Assam, Meghalaya, 2018. National Plant Germplasm System [Online Orissa, Punjab, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal] Nepal Database]. http://www.ars-grin.gov/npgs/index.html. INDO-CHINA: Cambodia, India, [Andaman and Nicobar] Laos, [Accessed 13 Jul 2018] Myanmar, Thailand MALESIA: Malaysia, Philippines" Does the species have a history of repeated 205 y introductions outside its natural range? Source(s) Notes "Distribution: India into Malesia, but apparently not indigenous in Smith, A.C. 1985. Flora Vitiensis Nova: A New Flora of Fiji New Guinea as often stated (Verdcourt, 1979, cited above), now (Spermatophytes Only). Volume 3. National Tropical introduced into many tropical areas as a fish poison and a potential Botanical Garden, Lawai, HI insecticide and often naturalized." Orwa C,, Mutua, A., Kindt R., Jamnadass, R, & Anthony, S. 2009 Agroforestree Database: a tree reference and Native: Bangladesh, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Thailand selection guide version 4.0. Exotic: India, Papua New Guinea, Philippines http://www.worldagroforestry.org. [Accessed 13 Jul 2018] 301 Naturalized beyond native range y Source(s) Notes Creation Date: 13 Jul 2018 (Derris elliptica (Wall.) Page 4 of 16 Benth.) TAXON: Derris elliptica (Wall.) SCORE: 8.0 RATING: High Risk Benth. Qsn # Question Answer "A liana or scrambling shrub, cultivated from near sea level to an Smith, A.C. 1985. Flora Vitiensis Nova: A New Flora of Fiji elevation of about 400 m. and also occasionally naturalized along (Spermatophytes Only). Volume 3. National Tropical roadsides and on creek banks." ͙"now introduced into many Botanical Garden, Lawai, HI tropical areas as a fish poison and a potential insecticide and often naturalized." "In Hawai'i, it forms a dense canopy and smothers vegetation, fences, forest, pastures, and farm land.