Decay Schemes - NucleonicaWiki http://www.nucleonica.net/wiki/index.php?title=Decay_Schemes#53_I_... From NucleonicaWiki In the following, the extracts from the Karlsruhe Nuclide Chart show both the parent and daughter. Adjacent to the nuclide box extract, the decay scheme is shown giving more details of the decay processes. These decay schemes are an aid to understanding the contents of the nuclide chart boxes. More diagrams can be found in the new brochure for the 8th Edition of the Karlsruhe Nuclide Chart which can now be ordered (http://shop.marktdienste.de/shoppages/produktuebersicht.jsp) . 1 9 F 18 (Z=8, N=10) 1.1 References 2 18 Ar 41 (Z=18, N=23) 2.1 References 3 27 Co 57 (Z=27, N=30) 3.1 References 4 27 Co 60 (Z=27, N=33) 4.1 References 5 39 Y 90 (Z=39, N=51) 5.1 Y 90m 5.2 References 5.3 Y 90 5.4 References 6 29 Cu 64 (Z=29, N=35) 6.1 References 7 42 Mo 99 (Z=42, N=57) 7.1 References 8 43 Tc 99 (Z=43, N=56) 8.1 Tc 99m 8.2 Tc 99 9 53 I 123 (Z=53, N=70) 9.1 References 10 53 I 131 (Z=53, N=78) 10.1 References 11 54 Xe 133 (Z=54, N=79) 11.1 Xe 133m 11.2 Xe 133 11.3 References 12 55 Cs 137 (Z=55, N=82) 12.1 References 13 62 Sm 153 (Z=62, N=91) 1 of 25 1/27/2014 4:31 PM Decay Schemes - NucleonicaWiki http://www.nucleonica.net/wiki/index.php?title=Decay_Schemes#53_I_... 13.1 References 14 88 Ra 226 (Z=88, N=138) 14.1 References 15 More Information The nuclide F 18 is an isotope of the element flourine (atomic number 9, chemical symbol F). There are 18 nucleons in the nucleus consisting of 9 protons and 9 neutrons. F 18 is radioactive with a half-life of 109.728 minutes. F 18: Extract from the Karlsruhe Nuclide Chart, 8th Edition (2012) F 18 Decay Scheme Main Radiations Branching E 0.9686 0.633 MeV 0.0314 The colour red indicates that the nucleus decays by electron capture / positron emission. The symbol without the symbol in the box indicates that the main decay mode is by positron emission (branching ratio 96.86 %). The endpoint energy of the emitted positrons is 0.633 keV. The branching ratio for decay is 3.14%. There are no emissions observed. The radionuclide F 18 is a widely used tracer in nuclear medicine. The F18-FDG tracer is produced from F 18 isotopes and it behaves in the human metabolic system similar to normal glucose. The nuclide F 18 emits positrons that anihilate with free electrons in the body. After anihilation the two oppositely moving 511 keV X-rays can be easily detected by co-incidence detectors placed around the body. The pairs of photons define staight lines in the body volumen. The highest concentration of the tracer can be found where the lines cross. With this method all glucose consuming processes, e. g. in cancer cells, can be located. 2 of 25 1/27/2014 4:31 PM Decay Schemes - NucleonicaWiki http://www.nucleonica.net/wiki/index.php?title=Decay_Schemes#53_I_... Half-life: 109.728(19) m M.-M. Bé et al. Table of radionuclides, vol.1, A=1 to 150 Monographie BIPM-5 (2004) Radiation: ß+ 0.6335(6) MeV, 96.86(19) %, decay to the ground state O18 EC 3.14(19) %, decay to the ground state O18 no γ http://www.tunl.duke.edu/nucldata/GroundStatedecays/18F.shtml The nuclide Ar 41 is an isotope of the element argon (atomic number 18, chemical symbol Ar). There are 41 nucleons in the nucleus consisting of 18 protons and 23 neutrons. Ar 41 is radioactive with a half-life of 1.83 hours. Ar 41: Extract from the Karlsruhe Nuclide Ar 41 Decay Scheme Chart, 8th Edition (2012) Main Radiations Branching E 0.9916 1.198 MeV 0.9916 1294 keV 0.0079 2.492 MeV 3 of 25 1/27/2014 4:31 PM Decay Schemes - NucleonicaWiki http://www.nucleonica.net/wiki/index.php?title=Decay_Schemes#53_I_... 0.0005 0.815 MeV 0.0005 1677 keV The colour blue indicates that the nucleus decays by emission. Ar 41 is characterised by the emission of several particles with different endpoint energies. This implies that in addition to direct transition to the ground state of the daughter nuclide K 41, transitions can also occur through the excited states of the daughter nuclide. In the case of decay, the nuclide box contains a maximum of two endpoint energies. The first number (1.2 MeV) corresponds to the strongest transition (highest emission probability) whereas the second corresponds to the highest endpoint energy (2.5 MeV). Additional transitions are indicated through the use of dots. The excited states of the daughter nuclide K 41 release their energy through gamma emission to the daughter ground state. The decay process can be understood more clearly from the decay scheme. It can then be seen that gamma emission at 1294 keV is due to transitions from the excited level at 1.294 MeV to the ground state of K 41 following the most probable emission of 1.198 MeV. A further weak transition from the excited level at 1.677 MeV is indicated by dots in the nuclide box. The last row 0.5 gives the (n, ) cross section for thermal neutrons in barns for the formation of Ar 42. Half-life: 109.611(38) m --> 1.83 h, V.Chisté, M.M.Bé, Lab.Nat.Henri Becquerel, Recommended data Febr.2010, Nucl.Data Sheets 94(2001)429 β− 1.1983(11) MeV, 99.16(2) %, to 7/2- 1294 keV level of K41 2.4916(4) MeV, 0.79(2) %, to 3/2+ ground state of K41 0.8146(4) MeV, 0.052(5)%, to 7/2+ 1677 keV level of K41 γ 1293.64(4) keV, 99.16(2) %, from 7/2- 1294 keV level to 3/2+ ground state K41 1677.0(3) keV, 0.0515(49) %, Nucl.Data Sheets 94(2001)429 σ: 0.5(1) b, S.Mughabghab, Atlas of Neutron Resonances, Resonance Parameters and Thermal Cross Sections Z=1-100, 5th Edition, Elsevier, Amsterdam (2006) The nuclide Co 57 is an isotope of the element cobalt (atomic number 27, chemical symbol Co). There are 57 nucleons in the nucleus consisting of 27 protons and 30 neutrons. Co 57 is radioactive with a half-life of 271.80 days. 4 of 25 1/27/2014 4:31 PM Decay Schemes - NucleonicaWiki http://www.nucleonica.net/wiki/index.php?title=Decay_Schemes#53_I_... Co 57: Extract from the Karlsruhe Nuclide Chart Co 57 Decay Scheme Main Radiations Branching E 0.998 0.856 122 keV 0.1068 136 keV 0.0916 14 keV = 8.56 T The colour red indicates that the nucleus decays by electron capture / positron emission. In this case all nuclei decay by electron capture because the Q-value (Q = 0.836 MeV) is not high enough for decay (the threshold energy for positron emission is 1.022 MeV). The most probable transition of the Co 57 nuclei is through capture to an excited state of Fe 57 at 0.136 MeV. From this level Co 57 continues to decay by internal transitions emitting either photons with energies 122 keV (85.6%) and 14 keV (9.16%) in cascade, or through the emission of 136 keV photons (10.68%) leading directly to the ground state of Fe 57. The symbol e- indicates that the transition from the level at 14 keV is predominately via electron emission (the conversion coefficient is 8.56). T Additional electron capture processes (not shown), with lower branching ratios, give rise to excited states of Fe 57 which then de-excite by photon emission to the ground state. Half-life: 271.80(5) d recommended decay data from "update of X Ray and Gamma Ray Decay Data Standards for Detector Calibration and Other Applications", IAEA Vol.1 (2007) 5 of 25 1/27/2014 4:31 PM Decay Schemes - NucleonicaWiki http://www.nucleonica.net/wiki/index.php?title=Decay_Schemes#53_I_... Radiation: EC 100 % γ 122.06065(12) keV, 85.51(6) % 136.47356(29) keV, 10.71(15) % 14.41295(31) keV, 9.15(17) % conversion electrons are present αT = 8.56% ... recommended decay data from "update of X Ray and Gamma Ray Decay Data Standards for Detector Calibration and Other Applications", IAEA Vol.1 (2007) Other gammas: Nuclear Data Sheets 85, 415 (1998) The nuclide Co 60 is an isotope of the element cobalt (atomic number 27, chemical symbol Co). There are 60 nucleons in the nucleus consisting of 27 protons and 33 neutrons. Co 60 is radioactive with a half-life of 5.2711 years. Co 60: Extract from the Karlsruhe Nuclide Chart, 8th Edition (2012) Co 60 Decay Scheme Main Radiations Branching E 0.9988 0.318 MeV 0.9985 1173 keV 0.0012 1.492 MeV 0.9998 1332 keV The colour blue indicates that the nucleus decays by emission. Co 60 is characterised by the emission of several particles with different endpoint energies. This implies that transitions to the ground state of the daughter nuclide Ni 60 can occur through different excited states of the daughter nuclide. 6 of 25 1/27/2014 4:31 PM Decay Schemes - NucleonicaWiki http://www.nucleonica.net/wiki/index.php?title=Decay_Schemes#53_I_..