J U R I D I C U M The Removal of the Requirement for Graphical Representation of EU Trade Marks The Impact of the Amending Trade Mark Regulation Jacob Bolte HT 2016 JU101A, Examensarbete på avancerad nivå, 30 högskolepoäng Examinator: Kerstin Nordlöf Handledare: Erika Lunell 1 Abstract This thesis has the aim of illuminating how the removal of the requirement for graphical representation will affect the EU trademark registration system, especially in regard to legal certainty and flexibility. By examining and analyzing the contents of the ATMR, along with the landmark Sieckmann case, the results indicate that the regulation may simultaneously improve both legal certainty and flexibility. The legal elements are improved as the ATMR provides possibilities for the creation of many new forms of representations that are both more precise and better suited to the technology of modern times than previously permitted representations. Keywords: Graphical representation, representation, trademark, EU, Amending Trade Mark Regulation, ATMR, Regulation (EU) 2015/2424, legal certainty, flexibility, Sieckmann, non- conventional trademarks, sound mark, 3D-mark, hologram, color mark, scent mark, smell mark, touch mark, positional mark. 2 Sammanfattning Denna uppsats har syftet att bringa klarhet kring hur avskaffandet av kravet på grafisk återgivning kommer påverka EUs varumärkesregistreringsystem, i synnerhet med rättssäkerhet och flexibilitet i åtanke. Genom att granska innehållet i Ändringsförordningen för varumärken, tillsammans med det mycket betydelsefulla Sieckmann-fallet, har svaret till frågan ovan framkommit genom analysen som indikerar på att införandet av Ändringsförordningen kan förbättra graden av både rättssäkerhet och flexibilitet. Sagda förbättringar uppkommer till följd av att förordningen möjliggör skapandet av många nya sorters återgivningar som både är mer precisa till sin form samt bättre anpassade till dagens teknologiska nivå än tidigare tillåtna återgivningar. Nyckelord: Grafisk återgivning, återgivning, varumärke, EU, Ändringsförordningen för varumärken, Förordning 2015/2424, rättsäkerhet, flexibilitet, Sieckmann, okonventionella varumärken, ljudmärke, 3D-märke, hologram, färgmärke, luktmärke, känselmärke, positionsmärke. 3 Table of contents Abstract ...................................................................................................................................... 1 Sammanfattning ......................................................................................................................... 2 Table of contents ........................................................................................................................ 3 Abbreviations ............................................................................................................................. 5 1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 6 1.1 Background ...................................................................................................................... 6 1.2 Research topics ................................................................................................................. 7 1.3 Method and material ......................................................................................................... 8 1.3.1 Method ...................................................................................................................... 8 1.3.2 Material ..................................................................................................................... 9 1.4 Limitations ..................................................................................................................... 10 1.5 Prior research .................................................................................................................. 11 1.6 Ethical considerations .................................................................................................... 11 1.7 Disposition ..................................................................................................................... 11 2 The concepts of legal certainty and flexibility ...................................................................... 13 2.1 – The importance of defining terms and concepts ......................................................... 13 2.2 – Legal certainty ............................................................................................................. 13 2.3 – Flexibility .................................................................................................................... 14 3 The EU trademark and the categorization of marks .............................................................. 16 3.1 Legal framework, competent authorities and the nature of the EU trademark .............. 16 3.1.1 The framework and competent authorities .............................................................. 16 3.1.2 The nature of EU trademark .................................................................................... 16 3.2 The categorization of conventional and non-conventional trademarks.......................... 18 3.3 Conventional trademarks ................................................................................................ 18 3.3.1 Word marks ............................................................................................................. 19 3.3.2 Figurative marks ...................................................................................................... 19 3.4 Non-conventional trademarks ........................................................................................ 19 3.4.1 Three-dimensional marks ........................................................................................ 20 3.4.2 Holograms ............................................................................................................... 21 3.4.3 Colors and colors per se as marks ........................................................................... 21 3.4.4 Sound marks ............................................................................................................ 23 3.4.5 Olfactory marks and taste marks ............................................................................. 24 3.4.6 Other types of non-conventional marks .................................................................. 25 4 Graphical representation and the Sieckmann case ................................................................. 27 4.1 The importance of the Sieckmann case .......................................................................... 27 4 4.2 Background .................................................................................................................... 27 4.3 Ruling of the Court and the creation of the Sieckmann criteria ..................................... 28 4.4 Consequences following the ruling ................................................................................ 32 4.4.1 The administration of smell and taste mark applications ........................................ 32 4.4.2 Consequences for legal certainty and flexibility in the trademark registration system ............................................................................................................................... 32 5 Analysis ................................................................................................................................. 35 5.1 The aim and structure of the analysis ............................................................................. 35 5.1.1 The posed research question ................................................................................... 35 5.1.2 Structure of the analysis .......................................................................................... 35 5.2 The removal of the need for graphical representation in art. 4 of the ATMR ............... 36 5.3 Consequences for conventional trademarks ................................................................... 37 5.4 Consequences for non-conventional trademarks ............................................................ 38 5.4.1 Three-dimensional marks ........................................................................................ 39 5.4.2 Holograms ............................................................................................................... 41 5.4.3 Colors per se marks ................................................................................................. 42 5.4.4 Sound marks ............................................................................................................ 43 5.4.5 Olfactory marks and taste marks ............................................................................. 45 5.4.6 Other types of non-conventional marks .................................................................. 46 6. Summary and conclusions of the analysis ............................................................................ 48 6.1 Summary of the findings of the analysis ........................................................................ 48 6.2 Conclusions .................................................................................................................... 49 6.2.1 The importance of the 9th recital of the ATMR ....................................................... 49 6.2.2 Legal certainty and the new forms of representation .............................................