Compiler CS 449 – Executables and gcc Preprocessed Object Linking C source source files Executable .c cpp cc1 .o ld Preprocessor Compiler Linker Jonathan Misurda [email protected] Executables Older Executable Formats •What do we need to store? • a.out (Assembler OUTput) –Code – Oldest UNIX format –Data –No longer commonly used –More? •COFF (Common Object File Format) •Agree on a common format (much like with – Older UNIX Format ID3 tags) –No longer commonly used Modern Executable Formats a.out •PE (Portable Executable) •exec header –Based on COFF •text segment –Used in 32‐ and 64‐bit Windows •data segment •ELF (Executable and Linkable Format) •text relocations – Linux/UNIX •data relocations •symbol table •Mach‐O file •string table –Mac 1 Header Process’s Address Space •Every a.out formatted binary file begins with an exec 0x7fffffff structure: Stack $sp struct exec { brk unsigned long a_midmag; //magic number unsigned long a_text; brk unsigned long a_data; Data (Heap) Data (Heap) unsigned long a_bss; unsigned long a_syms; _end unsigned long a_entry; Data (Globals) unsigned long a_trsize; unsigned long a_drsize; Text (Code) }; 0 CS 1550 ‐ 2077 Libraries Linking •Not all code in a program is what you wrote • Static Linking –Copy code into executable at compile time •Use code that others have written in your own –Done by linker program •Dynamic Linking •How to include this code in your address –Copy code into Address Space at load time or later space? –Done by link loader Static Linking Dynamic Linking #include <stdio.h> #include <math.h> int main() { Shared Objects printf(“The sqrt of 9 is %f\n”, sqrt(9)); /usr/lib/libc.so /usr/lib/libm.so Stack return 0; } Archives Executable Data (Heap) /usr/lib/libc.a /usr/lib/libm.a Data (Heap) ld Object Data (Globals) files Executable Link Loader Text (Code) .o ld Linker 2 Dynamic Loading Function Pointers DLL 2 •How do we call a function when we can’t be DLL 1 sure what address it’s loaded at? Stack Stack • Need a level of indirection Data (Heap) Data (Heap) Data (Heap) Data (Heap) LoadLibrary(“DLL1.dll”); Data (Globals) LoadLibrary(“DLL2.dll”); Data (Globals) •Use a function pointer Text (Code) Text (Code) Function Pointers in C #include <stdio.h> int f(int x) { return x; } int main() { int (*g)(int x); g = f; printf(“%d\n”,g(3)); return 0; } 3.