Historical & Cultural Astronomy Series Editors WAYNE ORCHISTON, Adjunct Professor, Astrophysics Group, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD, Australia MARC ROTHENBERG, Smithsonian Institution (retired), Rockville, MD, USA CLIFFORD CUNNINGHAM, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD, Australia Editorial Board Members JAMES EVANS, University of Puget Sound, Tacoma, WA, USA MILLER GOSS, National Radio Astronomy Observatory, Charlottesville, USA DUANE HAMACHER, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia JAMES LEQUEUX, Observatoire de Paris, Paris, France SIMON MITTON, St. Edmund’s College Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK CLIVE RUGGLES, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK VIRGINIA TRIMBLE, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA GUDRUN WOLFSCHMIDT, Institute for History of Science and Technology, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany TRUDY BELL, Sky & Telescope, Lakewood, OH, USA DAVID DEVORKIN, National Air and Space Museum, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, USA The Historical & Cultural Astronomy series includes high-level monographs and edited volumes covering a broad range of subjects in the history of astronomy, including interdisciplinary contributions from historians, sociologists, horologists, archaeologists, and other humanities felds. The authors are distinguished specialists in their felds of expertise. Each title is carefully supervised and aims to provide an in-depth understanding by offering detailed research. Rather than focusing on the scientifc fndings alone, these volumes explain the context of astronomical and space science progress from the pre-modern world to the future. The interdisciplinary Historical & Cultural Astronomy series offers a home for books addressing astronomical progress from a humanities perspective, encompassing the infuence of religion, politics, social movements, and more on the growth of astronomical knowledge over the centuries. The Historical & Cultural Astronomy Series Editors are: Wayne Orchiston, Marc Rothenberg, and Cliff Cunningham. More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/15156 Wayne Orchiston • Mayank N. Vahia Editors Exploring the History of Southeast Asian Astronomy A Review of Current Projects and Future Prospects and Possibilities Editors Wayne Orchiston Mayank N. Vahia National Astronomical Research Narsee Monjee Institute of Management Institute of Thailand Studies Chiang Mai, Thailand Mumbai, India Centre for Astrophysics University of Southern Queensland Toowoomba, QLD, Australia ISSN 2509-310X ISSN 2509-3118 (electronic) Historical & Cultural Astronomy ISBN 978-3-030-62776-8 ISBN 978-3-030-62777-5 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-62777-5 © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifcally the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microflms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specifc statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affliations. Cover image credit: Tanarch / Getty Images / iStock This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland Contents Part I Introductory Studies 1 Exploring the History of Southeast Asian Astronomy: A Checklist of Recent Research Projects and Future Prospects and Possibilities . 3 Wayne Orchiston and Mayank N. Vahia 2 Exploring the History of Philippine Astronomy: Catholics, Comets, Eclipses and Ethnoastronomy �������������������������������������������������� 37 Wayne Orchiston, Ryan Guido, Rose Ann Bautista, Ruby-Ann Dela Cruz, Jesus Torres, and Darunee Lingling Orchiston Part II Southeast Asian Studies: Eclipses, Calendars, Time-Keeping and Tropical Astronomy 3 A Brief History of Vietnamese Astronomy and Calendars During the Reign of the Royal Dynasties . 119 Phạm Vũ Lộc and Lê Thành Lân 4 Solar and Lunar Eclipse Records in Vietnam from Ancient Times Through to the Nineteenth Century �������������������������������������������� 163 Akira Okazaki 5 Father Antoine Thomas and the Birth of ‘Modern Astronomy’ in Thailand ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 225 Wayne Orchiston, Patrick Dumon, Lars Gislén, Darunee Lingling Orchiston, Martin George, Françoise Launay, Suzanne Débarbat, Matthieu Husson, and Boonrucksar Soonthornthum 6 King Rama IV: Astronomer and ‘The Father of Thai Science’ . 253 Boonrucksar Soonthornthum and Wayne Orchiston v vi Contents 7 J.A.C. Oudemans and Nineteenth Century Astronomy in the Dutch East Indies �������������������������������������������������������������������������� 285 Wayne Orchiston, Emanuel Sungging Mumpuni, and Wolfgang Steinicke 8 The 1875 British Solar Eclipse Expedition to Siam Led by Dr Arthur Schuster . 317 Visanu Euarchukiati 9 Observations of the 6 April 1875 Total Solar Eclipse from the Grand Palace in Bangkok . 345 Visanu Euarchukiati 10 The Total Solar Eclipse of 9 May 1929: The British and German Expeditions to Pattani in Southern Siam ������������������������ 373 Boonrucksar Soonthornthum, Visanu Euarchukiati, and Wayne Orchiston 11 The Total Solar Eclipse of 9 May 1929: The British Expedition to Alor Star in the Unfederated Malay State of Kedah ������������������������ 391 Nor Azam bin Mat Noor and Wayne Orchiston 12 Time Signals for Mariners in SE Asia: Time Balls, Discs, Bells, Guns and Lights . 411 Roger Kinns Part III Southeast Asian Studies: Archaeoastronomy and Ethnoastronomy 13 An Archaeoastronomical Investigation of Vaastu Shastra Principles (Vedic Architecture) Implemented in the City Planning of Ancient Chiang Mai ������������������������������������������������������������ 461 Cherdsak Saelee, Orapin Riyaprao, Siramas Komonjinda, and Korakamon Sriboonrueang 14 Astronomical Aspects of the Prambanan Temple in Central Java, Indonesia . 487 Sitti Attari Khairunnisa, Taufq Hidayat, Wayne Orchiston, and Nok Nikeu 15 Astronomical Knowledge and Practices of the Orang Asli of Malaysia ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 503 Nurul Fatini Jaafar and Ahmad Hakimi Khairuddin 16 The Linkage Between Asterisms and Local Ecological Systems Among the Austronesian Speakers of Southeast Asia . 517 Ahmad Hakimi Khairuddin and Nurul Fatini Jaafar Contents vii 17 Folk Astronomy of the Northern West Coast of Peninsula Malaysia ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 529 Nurul Fatini Jaafar and Ahmad Hakimi Khairuddin 18 Star Patterns in Mandar Navigation ������������������������������������������������������ 549 Adli A. Rasyid, Taufq Hidayat, and Wayne Orchiston 19 Ethnoastronomy in Madura, Indonesia: Observations of the Night Sky and Eclipses ������������������������������������������������������������������ 565 Siti Fatima, Wayne Orchiston, and Taufq Hidayat 20 The Pengalantaka Eka Sungsang Ka Paing System and a Diagram for Determining Purnama and Tilem in the Balinese Calendar . 589 Ni Putu Audita Placida Emas, Alif Husnul Fikri, and Rendy Darma Part IV Southeast Asia in Regional Context 21 Possible Influences of India on Southeast Asian Astronomy: A Brief Review of the Archaeoastronomical Record ���������������������������� 601 Mayank N. Vahia and Srikumar M. Menon 22 The Influence of India on Southeast Asian Astronomy: Of Calendars and Calculations . 635 Lars Gislén and J. C. Eade 23 Investigating the Astronomical Histories of India and Southeast Asia: The Role of Stone Inscriptions . 653 B. S. Shylaja 24 The Evolution of Local Southeast Asian Astronomy and the Influence of China, India, the Islamic World and the West . 673 Yukio Ôhashi and Wayne Orchiston Index ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 769 About the Authors Rose Ann Bautista resides in the Philippines. She earned a BSc in Astronomy Technology (2015), a Graduate Diploma in Astronomy (2017) and an MSc in Astronomy (2018), all from Rizal Technological University (RTU) in Manila. Currently she is studying for a PhD in Astronomy at the same university. Rose Ann also earned a Certifcate of Professional Education in 2016 from the University of Rizal. She was awarded the RTU’s Best Thesis Paper in 2019. She has been writing research papers on astronomy, astrobiology, astronomy education, astrophysics and Philippine ethnoastronomy, and is an author of books in the felds of Earth Science, Earth and Life, and Physical Science. Rose Ann has attended international