European Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences № 2 2017 «East West» Association for Advanced Studies and Higher Education GmbH Vienna 2017 European Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Scientific journal № 2 2017 ISSN 2414-2344 Editor-in-chief Maier Erika, Germany, Doctor of Philology International editorial board Abdulkasimov Ali, Uzbekistan, Doctor of Geography Adieva Aynura Abduzhalalovna, Kyrgyzstan, Doctor of Economics Arabaev Cholponkul Isaevich, Kyrgyzstan, Doctor of Law Balasanian Marianna, Georgia, Doctor of Philology Barlybaeva Saule Hatiyatovna, Kazakhstan, Doctor of History Busch Petra, Austria, Doctor of Economics Cherniavska Olena, Ukraine, Doctor of Economics Garagonich Vasily Vasilyevich, Ukraine, Doctor of History Jansarayeva Rima, Kazakhstan, Doctor of Law Karabalaeva Gulmira, Kyrgyzstan, Doctor of Education Kiseleva Anna Alexandrovna, Russia, Ph.D. of Political Sciences Khoutyz Zaur, Russia, Doctor of Economics Khoutyz Irina, Russia, Doctor of Philology Kocherbaeva Aynura Anatolevna, Kyrgyzstan, Doctor of Economics Konstantinova Slavka, Bulgaria, Doctor of History Lewicka Jolanta, Poland, Doctor of Psychology Massaro Alessandro, Italy, Doctor of Philosophy Meymanov Bakyt Kattoevich, Kyrgyzstan, Doctor of Economics Serebryakova Yulia Vadimovna, Russia, Ph.D. of Cultural Science Shugurov Mark, Russia, Doctor of Philosophical Sciences Suleymanova Rima, Russia, Doctor of History Fazekas Alajos, Hungary, Doctor of Law Proofreading Kristin Theissen Cover design Andreas Vogel Additional design Stephan Friedman Editorial office European Science Review “East West” Association for Advanced Studies and Higher Education GmbH, Am Gestade 1 1010 Vienna, Austria Email: [email protected] Homepage: www.ew-a.org European Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences is an international, German/English/Russian language, peer-reviewed journal. 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East West Association GmbH is not responsible for the stylistic content of the article. The responsibility for the stylistic content lies on an author of an article. Included to the open access repositories: © «East West» Association for Advanced Studies and Higher Education GmbH All rights reserved; no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without prior written permission of the Publisher. Typeset in Berling by Ziegler Buchdruckerei, Linz, Austria. Printed by «East West» Association for Advanced Studies and Higher Education GmbH, Vienna, Austria on acid-free paper. Typology of medieval monuments of shirvan (the IX–XIII th centuries) Section 1. Archaeology DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.20534/EJHSS-17-2-3-6 Jafarova Elmira, Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences Institute of Archeology and Etnography Baku, Azerbaijan E‑mail: shirvan‑[email protected] Typology of medieval monuments of shirvan (the IX–XIII th centuries) Abstract: Medieval archaeological monuments of Shirvan are divided by a typology on: settlements, burials, architecturally — archaeological monuments, epigraphic monuments and monuments of underwater archeology. Settlements represent the most numerous group of archaeological monuments. The medieval cities, settlements and all complex of the constructions which are on their territory (public constructions, houses). The settlement is the most widespread type of medieval monuments of Shirvan. There are rural settlements as mountains, foothills, plain, coastal located on the hills and forest array. The architectural and archeological monuments are the largest group it is the citadels, religious complexes, urban strengthening, palace constructions, public constructions. Fortification monuments — citadels, fortresses, defensive and castle works (the Maiden Tower, fortresses. Tow- ers are divided by features of an archeologisation on disappeared, destroyed and remained. Religious monuments — are the mosque and minarets, khanagahs. Religious sites often combine elements of epigraphy. The monuments of underwater archaeology are located in the coastal zone include the remains of settlements, at the moment are mainly known the objects of underwater archeology — Bandovan I, Bandovan II. Keywords: Typology, Shirvan, settiments, religious monuments, medieval city. Medieval archaeological monuments of Shirvan are The medieval city of Shabran (VII–XVIII centuries.) on divided by a typology on: settlements, burials, architectur- the territory of which there were discovered the remains of a ally — archaeological monuments, epigraphic monuments defensive structure, public building, water supply, sewerage and monuments of underwater archeology. system, tandoors, cobblestone streets, brick-lined wells, and Settlements represent the most numerous group of archae- numerous artifacts of ceramic, metal and glass [8, 35; 4, 371]. ological monuments. The medieval cities, settlements and all The medieval settlement of Gabala is located on two hills complex of the constructions which are on their territory (pub- Selbir (IX–X centuries.) and Gala (VIII–XIII cc.). There lic constructions, houses). Medieval city of Shirvan — Baku, were residential and farm buildings, water, pavement floors, Shamakha, Shabran, Gabala, Derbent reflect genesis, charac- hearths, tandoor, wells, coins and complex archaeological arti- teristics of the medieval cities, economic and social structure. facts identified in Selbire. And there was a wall of the great riv- Research center of the medieval Baku — Icheri Sheher er of rubble and burnt bricks and tuff blocks, a large building, (IX–XVII centuries) discovered wall rectangular houses with the remains of dwellings, tandoor, hearths, pits, pottery kiln courtyards, there were apertures in the walls for windows, tan- and archeological artifacts investigated in Gale. It was applied doors, hearths, an economic construction, coins and numer- a stone and the burned brick on limy solution at construction ous artifacts [4, 370]. of city defensive works. Floors of rooms clay or are paved by Medieval city of Shamakha (VIII–XVII centuries) has the burned brick (35 × 35 × 5 cm) [4, 68]. been investigated on the small areas of 15–300 sq. m. because The settlement is the most widespread type of medieval of dense urban development. Streets, the bases of houses of monuments of Shirvan, has been investigated in Shamakhi, Guba, public and cult buildings, holes, wells, a water supply system, Khachmaz, Shabran, Gabala, Khizi and Absheron peninsula. potter’s furnaces, the sewerage and numerous archaeological There are rural settlements as mountains, foothills, plain, artifacts have been opened and explored [13, 31; 4, 371]. coastal located on the hills and forest array [1, 354]. 3 Section 1. Archaeology The rural settlement Galay Xudat (Guba, mountainous) is with the indication of all towers and main gate. The surface of characteristic existence of various constructions of the IX–XV the yard is a solid rock, wherethe various economic pits are centuries. The settlement of Serkertepe (Hachmaz, plains) dif- cut down [16, 15]. fers in construction type with an economic court yard. Vari- The first floor of a tower has been blocked by the lancet ous structures and the hearths have been found on the settle- arch. The thickness of the walls in some places are wooden ment of Chilegir [8, 57]. pads. The window opening of a northern wall of the third The rural settlement of Seyidli (coastal) is dated floor is partially blocked by round bars [15, 45]. the VIII–XV centuries, occupied the area more than four Ramana Castle served as defensive and observation post. hectares, power of an occupation layer reached 1,2 m. The The castle consists of a central tower — the donjon — and remains of the structures put from a river cobble-stone and surrounding ramparts, the central tower of a quadrangular the hearths are found on the settlement [8, 56]. shape, the corners are completed with semi-towers. The architectural and archeological monuments are the larg- The thickness of the walls of the ground floor of 1 m 90 cm, est group it is the citadels, religious complexes, urban strengthen- width of the aperture of 1 m 10 cm, height at the entrance 1 m ing, palace constructions, public constructions [11, 78]. 46 cm, a depth of 2 m 16 cm. The floor on the ground floor Fortification monuments — citadels, fortresses (Gu- -surface of the rock on which the whole structure, on the op- listan, Bughurd), defensive and castle works (the Maiden posite door side (north) floor had a significant bias. The third Tower, fortresses — Mardakan, Ramana, Nardaran, Gala).