GLADES PERIOD SETTLEMENT PATTERNS in the EVERGLADES CULTURE AREA By Paul Callsen A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of The Dorothy F. Schmidt College of Arts and Letters In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts Florida Atlantic University Boca Raton, Florida December 2008 © Copyright by Paul Callsen 2008 ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I thank my supervisory committee, Dr. Brown, Dr. Broadfield and Dr. Petuch for their patience and sage advice. In addition, I offer much thanks to Dr. Christopher McVoy of the South Florida Water Management District without whose extraordinary generosity this work could not have been accomplished. Over these many months I have received much needed encouragement from Florida Atlantic University Anthropology Department alumni, Gary Beiter and Peter Ferdinando and from Christopher Eck, Broward County Historic Preservation Officer. Their suggestions helped me keep on track. Trevor Feagin provided guidance and advice relating to the intricacies of geographic information systems. Alanna Carinio provided suggestions on document preparation and format and Don Hampshire offered excellent guidance regarding spreadsheets. Finally, I thank Dr. Michael Harris, Chairperson of the Anthropology Department for his wise counsel and understanding support. iv ABSTRACT Author: Paul Callsen Title: Glades Period Settlement Patterns in the Everglades Culture Area Institution: Florida Atlantic University Thesis Advisor: Clifford Brown, Ph.D. Degree: Master of Arts Year: 2008 The manner in which human settlements are arranged across the landscape holds clues to a society’s internal social relationships and may indicate how a society fits into its environment. This research investigates settlement patterns during the formative pre-historic periods in Southeast Florida, the three Glades Periods (BC 500- AD 1750). During this time span, the inhabitants of the region adapted to a changing climate and environment by occupying places that were conducive to their particular hunter-gatherer way of life. However, while the Glades people moved from one locale to another, they never altered the manner in which they primarily sought sustenance; fishing and hunting. Evidence suggests substantial population increases beginning in the Glades II Period and shift of habitations due to flooding of earlier and lower sites. v TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES………………………….………………………..……..…….. xi LIST OF FIGURES………………………………………………...…………..… xiii CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION………………………………………….…. 1 Problem and Purpose…………………………………….……………..….…. 1 Thesis Organization…………………………………………………………… 2 CHAPTER TWO: ENVIRONMENTAL TRANSFORMATION and LOSS of… the ARCHAEOLOGICAL RECORD…………………………………………. 4 CHAPTER THREE: PHYSIOGRAPHY and ENVIRONMENTAL ZONES..….. 11 CHAPTER FOUR: STUDY AREA DEFINITION and CULTURE HISTORY… 19 The Study Area..……………………………………………………………… 22 Chronology…………………………………..……………………………….. 24 Ceramics: Time Period Markers…………………………………….……...… 28 CHAPTER FIVE: The FLORIDA MASTER SITE FILE: A METHODOLOGICAL DILEMMA……………….………….…………… 39 FMSF GIS Content…….……………………………………………………... 41 Settlement Site Types and Functions…………………………………….…... 45 Can the FMSF Be Used for Large Scale Glades Settlement Study in Southeast Florida?……………………………………………………………... 48 CHAPTER SIX: PROBLEM STATEMENT and SIGNIFICANCE……………... 55 Hunter-gatherers: A View of Modern Populations……………………………. 55 vi The Theory Applied to the Everglades Culture Area……………………….… 58 Problem Significance: To What Extent Do the Glades People Fit the Theory? 61 Social Complexity: Is There Evidence?…………………………...………....... 67 CHAPTER SEVEN: HYPOTHESES and METHODS………………………..… 75 Hypotheses…………………………………………………….….….….…..... 76 (H1) Site densities in the interior of Pine Forests and along the Atlantic Coastal Ridge are similar to those in the Ridge and Slough and Peat Transverse Glades……………………………….… 76 (H2) There is a pattern of sites distributed in and around Cypress Sloughs located north of the Peat Transverse Glades that Flowed toward the estuary……………….…………………………. 76 (H3) Sites are located along the Atlantic Coastal Ridge in a linear distribution……………………………………………… 76 (H4) There is a pattern of large sites on the interior, western, side of the Pine Forests and Atlantic Coastal Ridge……………….. 77 (H5) The density of sites within the Peat Transverse Glades and east of the north-south alignment of the western edge of the Pine Forests is similar to site density in the Ridge and Slough…………... 77 (H6) A majority of large and significant mainland sites are located Coastal Marshes, Marl Marshes, Peat Transverse Glades and upland forests……………………………………………..…….. 77 (H7) The density of sites within the various distinct environmental zones changes throughout the three Glades periods. ……………… 77 (H8) On the Pine Islands, including Long Key, sites are located at roughly the same elevation throughout the three Glades Periods and they reflect the same numeric count changes as those found in the Ridge and Slough through each of the three Glades Periods in succession………….………….………………………………...... 78 (H9) Within the Ridge and Slough, sites are distributed uniformly……… 78 (H10) Large sites are uniformly spaced in relation to each other………... 78 vii (H11) There is a linear pattern of sites leading from the Transverse Glades and rivers toward significant sites in the interior…………... 78 (H12) The distribution and distance between large and small sites 79 exhibits a discernible pattern………………………………….….. Methods……………………………………………………………….………. 79 CHAPTER EIGHT: RESEARCH RESULTS……………………………………. 89 (H1)…………………………………………………………….………..... 89 (H2)…………………………………………..………….………………... 91 (H3)……………………………………………………………………….. 94 (H4)..…………………………………………………………………..….. 95 (H5)……………………………………………….. ……………….…….. 99 (H6)………………………………………………………………………. 101 (H7)……………………………………………………………..………… 105 (H8)…………………………………………………………………..…… 142 (H9)…………………………………………………………………..…… 148 (H10)…………………………………………………………………….... 151 (H11)………………………………………………………………..…….. 153 (H12)………………………………………………………………..…….. 156 Summary and Conclusions…………………………………………………… 161 CHAPTER NINE: PROSPECTS for FUTURE STUDIES…………….………... 164 APPENDIX A: 1974 TOPOGRAPHIC-ECOLOGIC MAP OF SOUTHERN FLORIDA (PARKER)………………………...………………... 168 APPENDIX B: 1974 SOUTH FLORIDA SURFACE DRAINAGE (PARKER).. 169 APPENDIX C: SOUTHEAST FLORIDA MODERN LANDMARKS…………. 170 viii APPENDIX D: METADATA FOR EVERGLADES CULTURE AREA BOUNDARY GIS DATALAYER FLORIDA DIVISION OF HISTORICAL RESOURCES…………..………………….... 171 APPENDIX E: BROWARD GLADES I SITES……………………………….... 172 APPENDIX F: BROWARD GLADES II SITES……………………………….. 173 APPENDIX G: BROWARD GLADES III SITES………………………………. 175 APPENDIX H: DADE GLADES I SITES………………………………………. 176 APPENDIX I: DADE GLADES II SITES…………………………..…………. 177 APPENDIX J: DADE GLADES III SITES…………………………………….. 179 APPENDIX K: MONROE GLADES I SITES………………………………….. 181 APPENDIX L: MONROE GLADES II SITES…………………………………. 181 APPENDIX M: MONROE GLADES III SITES………………………………... 182 APPENDIX N: METADATA FOR ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES GIS DATA LAYER FLORIDA DIVISION OF HISTORICAL RESOURCES…………………………………………………... 183 APPENDIX O: FLORIDA MASTER SITE FILE -GIS ATTRIBUTE FILE SAMPLE…….………………..…………………..….….. 188 APPENDIX P: BROWARD ALL GLADES SITES……………………………. 190 APPENDIX Q: DADE ALL GLADES SITES………………………………….. 193 APPENDIX R: MONROE ALL GLADES SITES………….………………...…. 198 APPENDIX S: PALM BEACH ALL GLADES SITES………………………… 199 APPENDIX T: HENDRY ALL GLADES SITES……………………………..... 199 APPENDIX U: SOUTH FLORIDA SOILS METADATA……………………… 200 APPENDIX V: LARGE/SIGNIFICANT GLADES II SITE DENSITIES BY LANDSCAPE ZONE/GEOGRAPHIC AREA………….…. 202 APPENDIX W: LARGE/SIGNIFICANT GLADES III SITE DENSITIES BY LANDSCAPE ZONE/GEOGRAPHIC AREA………………… 203 ix APPENDIX X: EVERGLADES CULTURE AREA SITE OCCUPATION BY PERIOD GLADES I THROUGH GLADES II………….… 204 APPENDIX Y: EVERGLADES CULTURE AREA SITE OCCUPATION BY PERIOD GLADES II THROUGH GLADES III………….. 204 APPENDIX Z: 1974 LAND USE COVER METADATA……….……………… 205 REFERENCES CITED…………………………………………………………… 207 PERSONAL COMMUNICATION………………………………………………. 215 x TABLES Table 1. Geographic And Landscape Surface Areas Within The Everglades Culture Area………………………………..…….. 16 Table 2. All Glades Site Densities By Landscape Zone/Geographic Area Within The Everglades Culture Area……………………………… 21 Table 3. Glades Chronological Sequence…………………………………… 27 Table 4. Glades Pottery Types By Period………………………….……….. 31 Table 5. Glades I Site Densities By Landscape Zone/Geographic Area Within The Everglades Culture Area……………………….... 36 Table 6. Glades II Site Densities By Landscape Zone/Geographic Area Within The Everglades Culture Area……………….……….. 37 Table 7. Glades III Site Densities By Landscape Zone/Geographic Area Within The Everglades Culture Area………………………… 38 . Table 8. Number Of Glades Time Period Classified Sites Compared To Glades Time Period Undesignated Sites……………………….. 45 Table 9. Maximum Cultural Data Required To Test Hypotheses………….. 51 Table 10. Peat Transverse Glades - Ridge And Slough Site Density Comparison……………………………………………………….. 100 Table 11. Large-Significant Glades II And III Site Lists Combined………... 104 Table 12. Large-Significant Mainland Glades III Site Catchment (10 Km Radius) Environmental Zone Content In Dade And Broward……………………………………………………………. 110 Table 13. All Three Glades Period Site Densities By Landscape Zone/Geographic Area Within The Everglades Culture Area…….. 113 xi Table 14. Distribution Of Glades I And Glades II Site Counts Within Geographic And Landscape Zones In The Everglades Culture Area 115 Table 15.