MUSIC IN JUDAISM by Rabbi Dr. Nachum Amsel July 8, 2018 This essay is reprinted from the book, “The Encyclopedia of Jewish Values” published by Urim, or the upcoming books, “The Encyclopedia of Jewish Values: Man to Man” or “The Encyclopedia of Jewish Values: Man to G-d” to be published in the future. This essay is not intended as a source of practical halachic (legal) rulings. For matters of halachah, please consult a qualified posek (rabbi). Music affects most people profoundly. Music that touches us affects our emotions, mood, and enhances our feelings. Studies have shown that music even affects the fetus of a pregnant mother, and that the effects often remain later in life.1 The idea of music’s effect on the fetus was already known thousands of years ago, as the Sages said2 that even in the womb, the fetus sings a type of music. The combination of lyrics and music can sometimes change our attitudes. For the religious person, music is the language of the soul. Since music is connected to the spirit of man, every religion has its own unique melodies and compositions. How does Judaism view music? How does music continue to impact Judaism and Jews today? ALL OF JUDAISM IS AFFECTED BY MUSIC Music is present in and impacts all aspects of Jewish religious life, even today. In prayer, the specific melodies of each prayer service set the particular mood for each particular service. Each melody is called a Nusach, and the Nusach for the daily Morning Prayer differs from the Afternoon Daily Prayer, which differs from the Evening Prayer. The mood and music of each service is intentionally different and is represented by each prayer service’s unique Nusach. Certain parts of the prayer are required to be sung in melody3. Shabbat has its own unique Nusach, as do the Jewish holidays. The rabbis4 emphasize that the melodies of Shabbat should be different from the melodies of the weekday prayer. The regal atmosphere and seriousness of the Days of Awe can be felt by the particular Nusach of Rosh Hashana and Yom Kippur. The month that contains many Jewish holidays is named Tishrei, which, according to one opinion, is derived from the Hebrew word Shira – song, and the name of the holiday of Pesach, according to one opinion, is derived from the two Hebrew words Pe Sach – the mouth speaks/sings5. Another example concerns the prayer announcing the New Moon and upcoming month. Some6 have the custom that the melody in this particular prayer should be sad in announcing Rosh Chodesh Av, to reflect the mood of this specific month. Thus, Jews do not recite many prayers, but they actually sing them. Central to Jewish life, along with prayer, is Torah learning. Even here, specifically in learning the Talmud, there is a specific sing-song chant in the way the Talmud is read and studied. Anyone who has entered the classic Beit Midrash has heard the melodies of Jewish learning. The rabbis of the Middle Ages7 write that a specific melody was learned for reciting the Talmud before it was written down, in 1 Dr. Alexandra Lamont, University of Leicester, 2001 2 Sotah 30b 3 Tur, Orach Chaim 51 4 Rabbi Chaim Palagi, Kaf HaChaim 28:24 5 Likutei Maharan, Mahdura Kama 49 6 Eliyahu Rabba, Orach Chaim 284 7 Tosafot, “Vhashone” on Megillah 32a 1 order to remember it better. Shelah writes8 that those sections of the prayer service that come from the Talmud should be sung in the “melody specific to the reading of the Mishna.” Thus, the Talmud is not only learned, it is chanted. Jewish Scripture also has its unique melodies. The Torah must be read with the specific melody called the trop, indicated by the music notes found in most Chumashim-Torah texts today. The Talmud9 frowns upon anyone who does not read the Torah publicly in the synagogue with the correct musical notes, and the rabbis10 rule that if the wrong notes are recited (in many cases), one has not fulfilled the obligation of reading the Torah in the synagogue. The Haftorah, words of the prophets, read each Shabbat after the Torah reading, has a different melody than that of the Torah. Each Megillah read on different holidays has its own melody, reflecting the atmosphere and mood of the holiday. So, for example, the sadness of the Temple’s destruction can be heard in the sad melody of the Eicha Megillah read on Tisha B’Av night and again in the Tisha B’Av Haftorah the next day. Megillat Esther has a happy melody, reflecting the joyous nature of the holiday and the final outcome of the story. (In fact, it is customary to read the sad parts of Megillat Esther to the melody of Eicha read on Tisha B’Av). According to Rabbi Yonah, adding Jewish song to any regular meal can turn that meal into a Seudat Mitzvah, a repast of mitzvah.11 Thus, music is an integral part of all of Jewish religious life. THE IMPORTANCE OF MUSIC IN JUDAISM Music is not only vital to Judaism and Jewish life today, it was central to the Creation and the continuation of the world. The verse12 says that “the heavens declare the glory of G-d, and the firmament proclaims his handiwork.” In explaining this verse, the rabbis13 clarify that the form of this declaration is through daily music of the heavens and the earth, which sing to G-d, and that without this daily song, G- d would not have created the world at all. And this Midrash goes on to say that all the rivers, mountains and all parts of nature sing to G-d daily. Rabbi Nachman takes this idea one step further and says that each blade of grass and each animal have its own particular melody that it sings14. Another Midrash15 explains that G-d prefers the song of man over the song of angels, because the angels sing to G-d on a regular basis, the same time each day, while man sings out to G-d spontaneously. In fact the very first song sung by the Jewish people to G-d was the Song at the Sea following their miraculous salvation by G- d from the Egyptian armies16. Rashi17 explains that this song was completely spontaneous. According to one source, this song was the first time that man ever sang to G-d,18 despite all the previous interactions of G-d with man in the Torah. In fact, one opinion writes19 that if not for the daily song of human beings to G-d, He would not have created the world to begin with. Another opinion is that the entire purpose of Creation itself was for music and song20. 8 Cites by Mishne Berurah and Be-er Haitaiv on Shulchan Aruch, Orach Chaim 50 9 Megillah 32a 10 Mishne Berurah, Orach Chaim 142:4 11 Shaarei Teshuva, Hilchot Megillah 791 12 Psalms 19:2 13 Midrash, Otzar HaMidrashim, Rabbi Akiva 4 14 Likutei Maharan, Mahdura Batra 63 15 Midrash, Otzar Hamidrashim, Kedusha 7 16 Exodus 14:31-15:1 17 Rashi commentary on Exodus 15:1 18 Midrash, Shemot Rabbah 23:4 19 Midrash, Otzar HaMidrashim Rabbi Akiva 6 20 Midrash, Otiyot Rabbi Akiva 1 2 Song in the Temple was so crucial that atonement could not be achieved for a sacrifice in the Temple unless song accompanied it.21 Similarly, any sacrifice brought to the Temple which lacked the song to accompany it, invalidated the entire sacrifice.22 In fact, the highest form of service to G-d, according to the Talmud, is music and song.23 The Zohar24 explains that the reason the Levites, who sang in unison to sing to G-d. One (נלוים) in the Temple, were called Levites, is because they joined together who sings to G-d in this world is assured that he or she will sing to G-d in the Next World as well. 25 The central book of Judaism, the Torah itself, is called a song, Shira26. Rabbi Naftali Tzvi Yehuda Berlin27 explains why the Torah is referred to by this term. He states that every song has lyrics and feelings that are implied beneath the surface and not plainly stated. So, too, the Torah’s main ideas and deeper concepts are not found in the plain text, but must be understood on a hidden, more subtle level, like a song. Ideas in the Torah, like in a song, are intentionally subtle and implied, and not openly written. Perhaps, in addition, just as a song has many levels of understanding, the Torah is intended to be understood on many levels. And just as a song contains many feelings and moods within it and varies from person to person, so, too, the Torah generates different feelings and moods for different people. Finally, just as a song inspires people, deeply moving them to action and change, so too, the Torah is meant to inspire individuals to act and to change. MUSIC IN THE BIBLE At the very beginning of human history, in the first few hundred years after the creation of man, the Torah tells us that music and musical instruments were already developed and part of the culture of human beings.28 Singing in praise of G-d as a reaction to victory attributed to Him is fairly common in the Bible. Not only did the Jews sing at the Sea (as mentioned above), but the Jewish people also sang after the miracle of the well provided them with life’s sustenance, water, in the desert.29 When the Jews were victorious over the feared and more powerful Canaanites, the prophetess Deborah and the general Barak spontaneously sang in praise after the victory30.