KITSAULT MINE PROJECT ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT APPENDICES APPENDIX 16.0-A Kitsault Aboriginal Group Profiles VE51988 – Appendices KITSAULT MINE PROJECT ENVIRONMENTAL BACKGROUND KITSAULT ABORIGINAL GROUP PROFILES TABLE OF CONTENTS ABBREVIATIONS, ACRONYMS AND DEFINITIONS ........................................................................... I UNITS OF MEASUREMENT .................................................................................................................. II EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ....................................................................................................................... III 1.0 INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Overview ....................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Regulatory Requirements ............................................................................................. 1 1.3 Objectives ..................................................................................................................... 2 2.0 METHODOLOGY ...................................................................................................................... 2 2.1 Methods ........................................................................................................................ 2 2.2 Limitations .................................................................................................................... 3 3.0 RESEARCH RESULTS AND FINDINGS ................................................................................. 4 3.1 Metlakatla First Nation .................................................................................................. 4 3.1.1 Overview .......................................................................................................... 4 3.1.2 Historical Context ............................................................................................ 6 3.1.2.1 Pre-Contact ................................................................................. 6 3.1.2.2 Contact ....................................................................................... 6 3.1.2.3 Post-Contact ............................................................................... 6 3.1.3 Language ......................................................................................................... 8 3.1.3.1 Level of Use and Fluency ........................................................... 8 3.1.3.2 Language Revival ....................................................................... 8 3.1.4 Cultural Practices ............................................................................................ 8 3.1.4.1 Social Organisation and Governance ......................................... 8 3.1.4.2 Worldview and Spirituality ........................................................ 11 3.1.5 Seasonal Round ............................................................................................ 11 3.1.6 Past Land Use ............................................................................................... 12 3.1.7 Past Marine Use ............................................................................................ 12 3.1.8 Contemporary Land Use ............................................................................... 13 3.1.9 Contemporary Marine Use ............................................................................ 13 3.1.10 Resource Importance .................................................................................... 13 3.1.11 Trading among Aboriginal Neighbours .......................................................... 15 3.1.12 Travel Routes and Corridors ......................................................................... 15 3.1.13 Occupation Sites ........................................................................................... 15 3.1.14 Tourism .......................................................................................................... 16 3.1.15 Cultural Revival ............................................................................................. 17 3.1.16 Land and Resource Use Planning and Management ................................... 17 3.1.16.1 Past Land Management Practices ............................................ 17 3.1.16.2 Contemporary Planning and Management ............................... 17 3.1.17 Summary ....................................................................................................... 21 3.2 Kitsumkalum First Nation ............................................................................................ 21 3.2.1 Overview ........................................................................................................ 21 3.2.2 Historical Context .......................................................................................... 24 3.2.2.1 Pre-Contact ............................................................................... 24 3.2.2.2 Contact ..................................................................................... 25 3.2.2.3 Post-Contact ............................................................................. 25 3.2.3 Language ....................................................................................................... 26 3.2.4 Cultural Practices .......................................................................................... 26 3.2.4.1 Social Organisation and Governance ....................................... 26 Version 1.0 VE51988 – Appendix 16.0-A November 2011 TOC i KITSAULT MINE PROJECT ENVIRONMENTAL BACKGROUND KITSAULT ABORIGINAL GROUP PROFILES 3.2.4.2 Worldview and Spirituality ......................................................... 27 3.2.5 Seasonal Round............................................................................................. 27 3.2.6 Past Land Use................................................................................................ 28 3.2.7 Past Marine Use............................................................................................. 29 3.2.8 Contemporary Land Use ................................................................................ 29 3.2.9 Contemporary Marine Use ............................................................................. 29 3.2.10 Resource Importance ..................................................................................... 30 3.2.11 Trading among Aboriginal Neighbours .......................................................... 32 3.2.12 Travel Routes and Corridors .......................................................................... 32 3.2.13 Occupation Sites ............................................................................................ 32 3.2.14 Tourism .......................................................................................................... 33 3.2.15 Cultural Revival .............................................................................................. 33 3.2.16 Land and Resource Use Planning and Management .................................... 34 3.2.17 Summary ........................................................................................................ 36 3.3 Kitselas First Nation .................................................................................................... 37 3.3.1 Overview ........................................................................................................ 37 3.3.2 Historical Context ........................................................................................... 39 3.3.2.1 Pre-Contact ............................................................................... 39 3.3.2.2 Contact ...................................................................................... 40 3.3.2.3 Post-Contact ............................................................................. 40 3.3.3 Language ....................................................................................................... 41 3.3.3.1 Level of Use and Fluency .......................................................... 41 3.3.3.2 Language Revival ..................................................................... 42 3.3.4 Cultural Practices ........................................................................................... 42 3.3.4.1 Social Organisation and Governance ....................................... 42 3.3.4.2 Worldview and Spirituality ......................................................... 44 3.3.5 Seasonal Round............................................................................................. 45 3.3.6 Past Land Use................................................................................................ 45 3.3.6.1 Hunting and Trapping ................................................................ 45 3.3.6.2 Fishing ....................................................................................... 46 3.3.6.3 Berry / Fruit Gathering ............................................................... 46 3.3.6.4 Trees and Plants Gathering ...................................................... 47 3.3.7 Past Marine Use............................................................................................. 47 3.3.8 Contemporary Land Use ................................................................................ 47 3.3.8.1 Hunting and Trapping ...............................................................