Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Retrospective Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 1989 Anatomical development in soybean hypocotyls sensitive to temperature-dependent growth anomaly Stephen Robert Malone Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd Part of the Agricultural Science Commons, Agriculture Commons, and the Agronomy and Crop Sciences Commons Recommended Citation Malone, Stephen Robert, "Anatomical development in soybean hypocotyls sensitive to temperature-dependent growth anomaly " (1989). Retrospective Theses and Dissertations. 9218. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd/9218 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Retrospective Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. 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University Microfilms International A Bell & Howell Information Company 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, IVII48106-1346 USA 313/761-4700 800/521-0600 Order Number 8920163 Anatomical development in sqybean hypocotyls sensitive to temperature-dependent growth anomaly Malone, Stephen Robert, Ph.D. Iowa State University, 1989 UMI 300N.ZeebRd. Ann Arbor, MI 48106 Anatomical development in soybean hypocotyls sensitive to temperature-dependent growth anomaly by Stephen Robert Nalone A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Department: Agronomy Major: Crop Production and Physiology Approved: Signature was redacted for privacy. In charge of Major Work Signature was redacted for privacy. Fi^ the Major Department Signature was redacted for privacy. For the Graduate College Iowa State University Ames, Iowa 1989 ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page INTRODUCTION 1 LITERATURE REVIEW 3 Environmental Effects on Seedling Emergence 3 Temperature 3 Moisture 7 Physical impedance 9 Pathogens 11 Prediction of Field Emergence by Laboratory Tests 12 Plant Factors Influencing Emergence 15 Seed size 15 Inheritance of emergence potential 19 Plant growth regulators and tissue development 19 Temperature-Dependent Hypocotyl Growth Anomaly 53 Genetic control 56 The role of plant growth regulators 58 MATERIALS AND METHODS 61 Plant Material 61 Cultivar selection 61 Seed lots 61 Seedling production 62 Hypocotyl length and weight measurement 63 Light Microscopy 65 ill Specimen collection, fixation, and sectioning 65 Observation of hypocotyl anatomy 66 RESULTS 69 Hypocotyl Morphology 69 Hypocotyl length 69 Percent dry matter 73 Hypocotyl swelling index 76 Hypocotyl diameter by calculation 79 Anatomical Measurements 80 Cross-section diameter 89 Cortex width 92 Cortex cell number and size 95 Vascular cylinder diameter 101 Pith diameter 102 Pith cell number and cell size 108 DISCUSSION 114 SUMMARY 125 LITERATURE CITED 128 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 151 APPENDIX 153 Iv LIST OF TABLES Page Table 1. Rate of hypocotyl elongation of Amsoy 71, 73 Beeson 80, Corsoy 79 and Oakland soybean at 20, 25 and 30 C Table 2. Anatomical measurements from cross-sections 83 of 2-day-old hypocotyls of Amsoy 71, Beeson 80, Corsoy 79, and Oakland soybean grown at 20, 25, or 30 C Table 3. Anatomical measurements from cross-sections 84 of 3-day-old hypocotyls of Amsoy 71, Beeson 80, Corsoy 79, and Oakland soybean grown at 20, 25, or 30 C Table 4. Anatomical measurements from cross-sections 85 of 4-day-old hypocotyls of Amsoy 71, Beeson 80, Corsoy 79, and Oakland soybean grown at 20, 25, or 30 C Table 5. Anatomical measurements from cross-sections 86 of 5-day-old hypocotyls of Amsoy 71, Beeson 80, Corsoy 79, and Oakland soybean grown at 20, 25, or 30 C Table 6. Anatomical measurements from cross-sections 87 of 6-day-old hypocotyls of Amsoy 71, Beeson 80, Corsoy 79, and Oakland soybean grown at 20, 25, or 30 C Table 7. Anatomical measurements from cross-sections 88 of 7-day-old hypocotyls of Amsoy 71, Beeson 80, Corsoy 79, and Oakland soybean grown at 20, 25, or 30 C Table Al. Seed lot information for Amsoy 71, Beeson 154 80, Corsoy 79, and Oakland soybean used in these studies Table A2. Analysis of variance for hypocotyl length 155 of Amsoy 71, Beeson 80, Corsoy 79, and Oakland soybean grown at 20, 25, or 30 C over seven days. V Table A3. Analysis of variance of hypocotyl length 156 by day for Amsoy 11, Beeson 80, Corsoy 19, and Oakland soybean grown at 20, 25, or 30 C Table A4. Analysis of variance for percent dry matter, 158 hypocotyl swelling index (HSI), and calculated hypocotyl diameter (HD) for Amsoy 71, Beeson 80, Corsoy 79, and Oakland soybean grown at 20, 25, and 30 c Table AS. Analysis of variance for percent dry matter 159 for each of seven days for Amsoy 71, Beeson 80, Corsoy 79, and Oakland soybean grown at 20, 25, or 30 C Table A6. Analysis of variance for hypocotyl swelling 160 index for each of seven days for Amsoy 71, Beeson 80, Corsoy 79, and Oakland soybean grown at 20, 25, or 30 c Table A7. Analysis of variance for calculated 161 hypocotyl diameter for each of seven days for Amsoy 71, Beeson 80, Corsoy 79, and Oakland soybean grown at 20, 25, or 30 C Table A8. Analysis of variance for cross-section 162 diameter of hypocotyls from Amsoy 71, Beeson 80, Corsoy 79, and Oakland soybean grown at 20, 25, or 30 C for seven days Table A9. Analysis of variance for cross-section 163 diameter for each of seven days for Amsoy 71, Beeson 80, Corsoy 79, and Oakland soybean hypocotyls grown at 20, 25, or 30 C Table AlO. Analysis of variance for cortex width of 164 hypocotyls from Amsoy 71, Beeson 80, Corsoy 79, and Oakland soybean grown at 20, 25, or 30 C for seven days Table Ail. Analysis of variance for cortex width 165 for each of seven days for Amsoy 71, Beeson 80, Corsoy 79, and Oakland soybean hypocotyls grown at 20, 25, or 30 C Table A12. Analysis of variance for cortex cell 166 number of hypocotyls from Amsoy 71, Beeson 80, Corsoy 79, and Oakland soybean grown at 20, 25, or 30 C for seven days vi Table A13. Analysis of variance for cortex cell 167 number for each of seven days for Amsoy 71, Beeson 80, Corsoy 79, and Oakland soybean hypocotyls grown at 20, 25, or 30 c Table A14. Analysis of variance for cortex cell size 168 of hypocotyls from Amsoy 71, Beeson 80, Corsoy 79, and Oakland soybean grown at 20, 25, or 30 C for seven days Table A15. Analysis of variance for cortex cell size 169 for each of seven days for Amsoy 71, Beeson 80, Corsoy 79, and Oakland soybean hypocotyls grown at 20, 25, or 30 C Table A16. Analysis of variance for vascular cylinder 171 diameter of hypocotyls from Amsoy 71, Beeson 80, Corsoy 79, and Oakland soybean grown at 20, 25, or 30 C for seven days Table A17. Analysis of variance for vascular cylinder 172 diameter for each of seven days for Amsoy 71, Beeson 80, Corsoy 79, and Oakland soybean hypocotyls grown at 20, 25, or 30 C Table A18. Analysis of variance for pith diameter of 173 hypocotyls from Amsoy 71, Beeson 80, Corsoy 79, and Oakland soybean grown at 20, 25, or 30 C for seven days Table A19. Analysis of variance for pith diameter for 174 each of seven days for Amsoy 71, Beeson 80, Corsoy 79, and Oakland soybean hypocotyls grown at 20, 25, or 30 C Table A20. Analysis of variance for pith cell number 175 of hypocotyls from Amsoy 71, Beeson 80, Corsoy 79, and Oakland soybean grown at 20, 25, or 30 C for seven days Table A21. Analysis of variance for pith cell number 176 for each of seven days for Amsoy 71, Beeson 80, Corsoy 79, and Oakland soybean hypocotyls grown at 20, 25, or 30 C Table A22. Analysis of variance for pith cell size 178 of hypocotyls from Amsoy 71, Beeson 80, Corsoy 79, and Oakland soybean grown at 20, 25, or 30 C for seven days vil Table A23. Analysis of variance for pith cell size 179 for each of seven days for Ansoy 71, Beeson 80, Corsoy 79, and Oakland soybean hypocotyls grown at 20, 25, or 30 C viil LIST OF FIGURES Page Figure 1.