WORKING TOGETHER TOWARDS RESPONSIBLE ASM IN MADAGASCAR REPORT JUNE 2012 © R. Cook Healy & T. ARTISANAL AND SMALL-SCALE MINING IN AND AROUND PROTECTED AREAS AND CRITICAL ECOSYSTEMS PROJECT (ASM-PACE) MADAGASCAR CaSE STUDY: ARTISANAL MINING RUSHES IN PROTECTED AREAS AND A RESPONSE TOOLKIT FINAL REPORT BY RUPERT COOK AND TIMOTHY HEALY 30 JUNE 2012 The aim of ASM-PACE is to address the environmental impacts of artisanal Authorship and Acknowledgements and small scale mining (ASM) whilst building on its economic, social, and This report was written by Rupert Cook and empowerment potential in some of the world’s most important ecosystems. The Timothy Healy. project uses a scientific foundation of knowledge, participatory methods and Rupert Cook, lead consultant rights-based approaches to work with miners and their communities – rather rupertcook(at)gmail.com than in opposition – to design sustainable, win-win solutions that will last. The project is focused exclusively on ASM occurring in and around protected areas Timothy Healy of Aquaterre aquater(at)moov.mg and critical ecosystems. ASM-PACE is a joint-programme of WWF and Estelle Levin, Ltd. Fauna & Flora International (FFI) is an implementing partner in All photographs are the work of Cook and Liberia. For more information please visit www.asm-pace.org. Healy, unless otherwise credited. The authors would like to thank the following Estelle Levin Ltd. is a boutique development consultancy specialising in people and institutions who generously natural resources governance and sustainable supply chains. Much of its work is donated their time and knowledge in the in the extractives sector, on behalf of clients like development agencies, NGOs, course of this study. They include: Martin mining companies, consultancies, industry associations, and end-users like Nicoll and Lalanirina Rasoanandrianina; Lalalison Razafintsalama, and all at PGRM; jewellers. Working individually or by bringing in the relevant expertise, we help Tom Cushman; Cristina Villegas, Estelle organisations mobilise natural resources in ways that achieve their development Levin and all at ELL; and the many people at and commercial ambitions whilst ensuring empowerment and ecological Madagascar National Parks who so facilitated protection; development through sustainability and sustainability through our site visits. development. Contact Estelle Levin at [email protected]. During the course of this project, Henri Bernard Razakariasa, of the Central Bank WWF’s mission is to stop the degradation of the planet’s natural environment of Madagascar, passed away. We extend our and to build a future in which humans live in harmony with nature, by most profound condolences to his family. conserving the world’s biological diversity, ensuring that the use of renewable Published in June 2012 by WWF-World Wide natural resources is sustainable, and promoting the reduction of pollution and Fund for Nature (formerly World Wildlife wasteful consumption. Fund) and Estelle Levin, Ltd. ASM-PACE is coordinated through WWF’s Central Africa Regional © Projet de Gouvernance des Ressources Programme Office (WWF-CARPO), which is the largest program office of Minérales (PGRM) of Madagascar, with express permission granted to ASM-PACE, WWF International. For more than 20 years, WWF and its partners have been Estelle Levin Ltd., and WWF-MWIOPO working throughout the Congo Basin region to: for royalty-free world-wide replication and distribution of this report. • Create a network of protected areas to conserve biodiversity • Encourage logging and mining companies to promote good management For more information, please practices visit our website at • Promote the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions from deforestation www.asm-pace.org, or contact: and degradation of forests Jonathan Hobbs • Support sustainable business practices and financial investments in International Network Coordinator development and infrastructure projects (Extractives Sector) • Improve the livelihoods of indigenous and local peoples WWF International Tel: +254 20 3877355, 3872630/1 • Reduce wildlife poaching and the bushmeat trade (Nairobi, Kenya) • For more information, please visit www.panda.org [email protected] Estelle Levin Technical Director, ASM-PACE Director, Estelle Levin Limited UK Tel : +447876743587 [email protected] ASM-PACE is generously funded by The Tiffany & Co. Foundation, the World Bank’s Program on Forests (PROFOR), WWF-Netherlands, WWFUSA, WWF-DRC, and the Africa Biodiversity Collaborative Group (ABCG) through funding by the US Agency for International Development (USAID), with the capable technical support of WWF-CARPO. This specific report was completed with support from the Projet de Gouvernance des Ressources Minérales (PGRM) and the World Bank’s Mining and Gas Unit. TABLE OF CONTENTS ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS ........................................................................................................................... 1 1. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................... 5 1.1 Context ......................................................................................................................................... 5 1.2 Objectives ...................................................................................................................................... 6 1.3 Methodology and framework ................................................................................................................. 6 1.3.1 Methodology .................................................................................................................................................. 6 1.3.2 Methodology for Field Site Visits .................................................................................................................. 6 1.3.3 Report Framework......................................................................................................................................... 7 1.4 Sites selected .................................................................................................................................. 7 1.5 Time frame ..................................................................................................................................... 8 2. GENERAL POLITICAL AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONTEXT ....................................................................................... 10 2.1 Political history to the present ............................................................................................................... 10 2.2 Social characteristics ......................................................................................................................... 10 2.3 Economy ....................................................................................................................................... 11 3. OVERVIEW OF ASM AND RUSHES IN MADAGASCAR .......................................................................................... 13 3.1 General history of gold and gemstone mining in Madagascar ............................................................................. 13 3.2 Respective characteristics of gold and gemstones ASM ................................................................................... 14 3.2.1 Gold Value Chain ......................................................................................................................................... 14 3.2.2 Gemstone Value Chain ................................................................................................................................ 15 3.3 ASM rushes .................................................................................................................................... 16 3.3.1 Respective Characteristics of Gold and Gemstone Rushes ........................................................................ 16 3.3.2 Origin and Composition of ASM miners in Rushes .................................................................................... 17 3.4 General history of rushes ..................................................................................................................... 18 3.5 Significant government interventions in ASM activities and rushes ...................................................................... 21 3.6 History and role of PGRM ..................................................................................................................... 22 3.7 Volumes and values of ASM production ..................................................................................................... 22 3.8 ASM and LSM – Respective contributions to Madagascar’s economy ..................................................................... 23 4. OVERVIEW OF PROTECTED AREAS, SENSITIVE HABITATS AND LANDSCAPES .............................................................. 24 4.1 Overview of protected areas ................................................................................................................. 24 4.1.1 Debut of Protected Areas and Conservation in Madagascar ..................................................................... 24 4.1.2 Protected areas from post-colonial times towards the National Environmental Action Plan ................. 24 4.1.3 Current System of Protected Areas of Madagascar in 2012 ....................................................................... 25 4.2 Overview of