Guidelines for Referencing Laurea Leppävaara Sebastian King 08 April 2013 Guidelines for Referencing Guidelines for Referencing Laurea Leppävaara Sebastian King 08 April 2013 Table of contents 1 Introduction ....................................................................................... 6 2 General information about referencing ....................................................... 6 2.1 Why and when to reference ............................................................. 7 2.2 What to reference ......................................................................... 7 2.3 Avoiding plagiarism ....................................................................... 8 3 In-text references ............................................................................... 10 3.1 Principles of source referencing ....................................................... 10 3.1.1 Referring to one or more authors or editors ................................ 10 One author .................................................................. 10 Two authors ................................................................. 10 Three or more authors ..................................................... 10 Multiple references to authors ........................................... 11 Referring to editor(s) ...................................................... 11 3.1.2 References where the author or year is not known ........................ 11 Author unknown ............................................................ 11 Year unknown ............................................................... 12 3.1.3 Referencing the same author(s) or authors with the same name ........ 12 Same author ................................................................. 12 Same year ................................................................... 12 Different authors with the same name .................................. 13 3.1.4 Referencing the sources of figures, tables, diagrams and illustrations . 13 3.2 Quoting sources ........................................................................... 14 3.2.1 Including quoted sources ....................................................... 14 Use of quotation marks .................................................... 14 Indenting quotations ....................................................... 15 Use of page numbers ....................................................... 15 3.2.2 Changing quoted text ........................................................... 16 Use of sic .................................................................... 16 Omitting or inserting ....................................................... 16 3.3 Paraphrasing and summarising ......................................................... 17 3.3.1 Techniques for paraphrasing and summarising .............................. 17 Paraphrasing ................................................................ 17 Synonyms .................................................................... 18 Changes in word class ...................................................... 18 Guidelines for Referencing Laurea Leppävaara Sebastian King 08 April 2013 Changes in word order ..................................................... 18 Summarising ................................................................. 18 3.3.2 Use of secondary referencing .................................................. 18 3.4 Differences in Finnish and Anglo-Saxon referencing conventions ................. 19 Content-based versus author-based ..................................... 19 Punctuation in the in-text reference .................................... 19 Positioning of the reference .............................................. 20 Comparing Finnish and Anglo-Saxon styles ............................. 20 Different approaches to objectivity ..................................... 21 3.5 Using electronic sources................................................................. 22 Referring to electronic sources ........................................... 22 When the author is not known............................................ 23 Finding the date ............................................................ 23 3.6 Using Citations and Bibliography in MS Word ......................................... 24 4 The list of references ........................................................................... 25 4.1 General principles in formatting end-text references .............................. 25 4.2 Examples of how to refer to and list references..................................... 25 4.2.1 Books .............................................................................. 26 Books with one author ..................................................... 26 Books with two authors .................................................... 26 Books with three or more authors ....................................... 26 Books with one editor...................................................... 26 Books with two or more editors .......................................... 26 Books with no author ...................................................... 26 Book in a second or later edition ........................................ 26 Chapter of a printed book ................................................. 26 Part of an anthology ....................................................... 27 Part of an encyclopedia ................................................... 27 Dictionary with author(s) .................................................. 27 Dictionary with no authors ................................................ 27 Translated book ............................................................ 27 Translated book not in English ........................................... 27 Reprinted book ............................................................. 27 Book reprinted online ...................................................... 28 Electronic book from an online database ............................... 28 Electronic book available online ......................................... 28 Guidelines for Referencing Laurea Leppävaara Sebastian King 08 April 2013 4.2.2 Journals, conference papers, newspapers and magazines ................ 28 Articles in print journals .................................................. 28 Articles in online journals ................................................. 28 Abstract from an online journal or magazine .......................... 29 Conference paper .......................................................... 29 Conference paper from an online source ............................... 29 Newspaper article in print ................................................ 29 Newspaper article online .................................................. 29 Newspaper article with no author ....................................... 29 Newspaper article not in English ......................................... 30 4.2.3 Television, radio and music .................................................... 30 Radio broadcast ............................................................ 30 TV broadcast ................................................................ 30 News broadcast ............................................................. 30 Radio/TV recording on other media such as DVD or video ........... 30 Online TV programme...................................................... 30 Online radio programme .................................................. 30 Online video ................................................................. 31 Feature film ................................................................. 31 Commercial or training film .............................................. 31 Audiocassette ............................................................... 31 Music ......................................................................... 31 Podcast ...................................................................... 31 4.2.4 Other online sources ............................................................ 31 Web pages with an author ................................................ 32 Web pages with a site author ............................................. 32 Web pages with no author or where the site title is the author .... 32 Blog ........................................................................... 32 Social network .............................................................. 32 Wiki ........................................................................... 32 4.2.5 Government, institutional and corporate sources .......................... 33 Laws in Finland ............................................................. 33 Laws in other countries .................................................... 33 Publication by the Finnish government ................................. 33 Publication by a European institution ................................... 33 Publication by an international organisation ........................... 33 Guidelines for Referencing Laurea Leppävaara Sebastian King 08 April 2013 White paper online ......................................................... 33 Market research report .................................................... 34 Company annual or other report ......................................... 34 Company annual report online ........................................... 34 Computer programme ..................................................... 34 Product manual instructions .............................................