Government of Karnataka SOCIAL SCIENCE (Revised) Part-II ©KTBSrepublished 10 be TENTHto STANDARD Karnataka Textbook Society (R.) Not 100 Feet Ring Road, Banashankari 3rd Stage, Bengaluru - 85 I INDEX SL PAGE TITLE NO. NO. HISTORY 7. FREEDOM MOVEMENT 1 8. ERA OF GANDHI AND NATIONAL MOVEMENT 8 9. POST INDEPENDENT INDIA 28 10. THE POLITICAL DEVELOPMENTS OF 20TH CENTURY 36 POLITICAL SCIENCE 4. GLOBAL PROBLEMS AND INDIA’S ROLE 47 5. INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTIONS 51 SOCIOLOGY 3. SOCIAL MOVEMENTS 62 4. SOCIAL PROBLEMS 72 GEOGRAPHY 8. INDIAN MINERAL©KTBS AND POWERrepublished RESOURCES 87 9. INDIAN TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATION 96 10. INDIAN INDUSTRIESbe 106 11. INDIAN NATURAL DISASTERS 113 12. INDIAN POPULATION 120 to ECONOMICS 3. MONEY AND CREDIT 125 4. PUBLIC FINANCE AND BUDGET 133 Not BUSINESS STUDIES 3. GLOBALIZATION OF BUSINESS 142 4. CONSUMER EDUCATION AND PROTECTION 148 II HISTORY UNIT – VII FREEDOM MOVEMENT In this unit you learn • Rise of Nationalism • Indian National Congress • Moderates, Radicals and Revolutionists The Rise of Nationalism: Indian Freedom Movement is an important and vibrant chapter in the history of India. Before this, we come across kings who fought against the foreign occupation. But these fights were guided by their political goals. Since, they fought against the foreign occupation, it can be considered as the beginning of Nationalism. During the second of half of nineteenth century many developments like expansion of Communication and Roads, expansion of English Education, Journalism, and the Birth of Cultural Associations can be witnessed. But, people suffered a lot with the famines and hardships created by the British rule. Many farmers and tribal agitations that took place during this ©KTBSperiod is a proof republishedof this. Indians who suffered in the hands of East India Company put up a strong resistance in the form of First War of Indian Independence in 1857. As a result, it ended the rule of East India Companybe in 1858 and started the rule of the Queen of England in 1858. With implementation of Act of 1861, the participation of Indians in the legislation process was ushered in. As a result of all these, the educated youth started sharing the idea of Nationalism with ordinary people, Nationalismto found its root as a concrete concept. Indian National Congress is the institutional expression of this. Indian National Congress TheNot First War of Indian Independence in 1857 led to the development of political awakening in India. Many educated youth provided leadership to various associations which had nationalistic outlook. Among them, ‘The Hindu Mela’, ‘All Indian Association’, Poona Public Sabha’ and ‘The Indian Association’ are important. Newspapers opposed the stance of 1 the government. During reign of Lord Litton, Vernacular Press Act was implemented to curb the independence of the independent press. All these development inevitably led to the establishment of Indian National Congress. The Indian National Congress, which changed the direction of Indian Political History, was born in a national convention held at Bombay in 1885. W.C. Banerjee was its first president. A.O.Hume played an important role in formation of Indian National Congress. Hume was a retired British Civil Servant and met political leaders in cities like Madras, Bombay and Calcutta and discussed the various issues of public importance. As a result of these deliberations, the Congress declared that achieving National Unity as its primary aim during its first national convention. It thrived to achieve unity among the diverse cultural and social paths of India. The leaders of this period also had the commitment to achieve it. Newspapers were published in vernacular language and enabled discussion on various social issues. As a result, various political issues reached the people. The British employed ‘Divide and Rule’ policy to break the unity emerging among the people with the development of nationalism. They started implementing strategies to cause disunity among Hindus and Muslims. Still, the Indian National Congress continued with its focus on creating unity among Indians. During the later©KTBS part of Nineteenthrepublished century, difference of opinions arouse in the Indian National Congress. Due to their differences in ideology, beliefs and execution styles they are identified as Moderates and Radicals. be Moderates: Traditionally, tothe first twenty years of the Indian National Congress is called as the Age of Moderates. W.C Banerjee, M.G.Ranade, SurendranathaNot Banerjee, Dadabai Navoroji, Gopala Krishna Gokale were the major moderate leaders. Moderates had faith in the Dadabai Navoroji Gopala Krishna Gokale 2 rule of British and Judiciary. They used to table their demands with the frame work of the constitution through prayers and requests. They tried to bring in political awareness among the people. They organized public meetings, discussed various burning issues and submitted memorandums to the government. They submitted memorandums demanding cutting down of military expenditure, development of Indian industries, providing good education and programmes for poverty alleviation. Moderates were the first to study the ill effects of the British rule on India. They explained the drain of resources of India into England through scientific statistics and called it “Drain Theory’. By increasing the import and reducing the export, the British facilitated the draining out of precious Indian resources into India. Just like Dadabai Navoroji, R.C Datt too published books explaining the draining of indian resources into England. The period of Moderates is called as the Age of Liberal Nationalism. The period between CE 1885 and 1905 is called as the Age of Moderates. Radicals: The soft stance of the Moderates towards the British made unhappy group within the Congress to call them as “Political Beggars’. The group congressmen who criticized the soft stance of Moderates are called as Radicals. Aurobindo©KTBS Gosh, Bipin Chandrarepublished Pal, Lal Lajapath Roy and Balagandhar Tilak are the main members of this Radical group. They opposed the stance of the British who considered nominating the Indian members to Indian Legislative Assemblies as an important favour. (Please collect more information onbe India Act 1861 and 1892) to Not Arubindo Gosh Balagandhar Tilak Lal Lajapath Roy Bipin Chandra Pal 3 Divison of Bengal: The Anti-British sentiment was dominant in Bengal and it was the centre of Anti-British protests. In order to suppress these developments, Viceroy Lord Curzon thought of dividing Bengal in the name of administration. In reality, Bengal had more concentration of Muslim and Hindu people. The census report had indicated that the East Part of Bengal had more number of Muslims and the West part of Bengal had more number of Hindus. The British divided Bengal in 1905. Like this, the British thought of suppressing the spirit of national freedom struggle with the division of Bengal. The division of Bengal in 1905 was opposed by Indian National Congress. Still, the Bengali language could unite the Hindu and Muslim communities. Rakshabandhan, cultural festival, was held to bring in unity among Hindus and Muslims. The division of Bengal resulted in the wide spread protests across the country. The Radicals took the issue to the door steps of common people. They called for boycotting of foreign goods and the institutions that encourage it. Indians were encouraged to use local goods. The British government withdrew the Bengal division order in 1911. Tilak declared©KTBS “Swaraj is My Birthrepublished Right. I would definitely get it back”. Attaining complete freedom was the aim of radicals. They tried to organize the common people of India. They attempted to organize people by employing religious celebrations too. They used Ganesha, Shivaji and Durga celeberations tobe organize people against the British. Muslim League was born in 1906 to protect the Muslim identity. Tilak published ‘Kesari’ in Marathi toand ‘Maratha’ in English langauges. He encouraged common people to protest against the British. The radical writings of Tilak galvanized the common people. The British arrested Tilak due to these developments. Tilak wrote a book ‘Geetharahasya’ in the prison which Notfurther fuelled the freedom fervor. you know this • Tilak utilized Ganesh festival and Shivaji festivals to kindle the nationalistic fervor among the people. 4 Revolutionaries: Revolutionaries dreamed of attaining complete freedom. They believed that they can drive away the British by employing violent methods. They established secret associations across the country and started collecting weapons and money for an armed struggle against the British. They provided training also. A secret organization named ‘Lotus and Dragger’ was founded in England. People Aurbindho Gosh who were in England supported the revolutionaries through this organization. Similarly, another revolutionary organization called ‘Gadha’ in USA can be recalled here. ‘Abhivanava Bharatha’ and ‘Anusheela Samiti’ were the two important secret organizations in India. They used Bombs and Guns to achieve their goal. The government tried to suppress them by arresting them and hanging them unto death on the charges of sedition. Aurobindo Gosh, V.D. Saavarkar, Ashwini kumar Datta, Rajanarayana Bose, Rajaguru, Chakikar brothers, Vishnu Shastri, Champukar, Shyamaji Krishnaverma, Ras Bihari Gosh, Madam Cama, Kudiram Bose, Ramprasad Bismil, Ashvakulla Khan, Bagath Singh, Chandrashekar Azad, Jatin Das are more prominent