Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-84749-0 — New Media Campaigns and the Managed Citizen Philip N. Howard Index More Information Index actualities and electronic press kits, campaigns: candidate type, 145; 40, 85, 122 grassroots or social movement advertising, radio, television, and type, 144; implanted or Astroturf Web site, 88–94 type, 98, 145, 177; lobby group affinity networks, 85, 139, 144–147, type, 144. See also hypermedia 158 campaigns; issue campaigns; mass AFL-CIO, 6, 138 media campaigns; presidential Agora, GrassrootsActivist.org, 120 campaigns America Coming Together (ACT), 18 CandidateShopper, Voting.com, 113 American Association of Retired capo managers, 148 Persons (AARP), 137, 160 categorization: and identity, 37, 183, American Civil Liberties Union 188; as political negotiation, (ACLU), 137 133–134, 141; managed paradoxes, Amnesty International, 84, 85 86, 154, 157 astroturf or implanted campaign. chat and listservs, 112, 239 See campaigns ChoicePoint Technologies, 15 Astroturf Compiler Software, citizenship: historical context, 185; Astroturf-Lobby.org, 86 privatized, 189–190; shadow, Astroturf-Lobby.org, 83–100, 187–189; thin, 185–187 175–176 coding generals, 148 avatars, 116, 174 Columbia School. See Lazarsfeld, Paul; Merton, Robert Barber, Benjamin, 102, 149 conferences and conventions: Baudrillard, Jean, 67 Democratic and Republican blogging, 16, 121, 239 National Convention, 35, 72, 85, Bourdieu, Pierre, 69, 70, 212 166; and group identity, 34–36, 50 cookie, 239–240 campaign managers. See political C-SPAN, 65 consultants cultural frame, 67, 172, 205. See also campaign spending, 91, 146 media effects 261 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-84749-0 — New Media Campaigns and the Managed Citizen Philip N. Howard Index More Information Index Dahl, Robert, 74, 102, 141, 149 GrassrootsActivist.org, 118–141, data mining, 155, 177; defined, 76 175–176 DataBank.com, 76–82, 91–100, gross rating points (GRPs), 96 172–175 Database Manager, DataBank.com, Habermas, Jurgen, 182, 183, 192, 250 77 hacktivism, 89, 176, 183, 240 Datamart, 17, 154 hierarchy, in campaigns, 149 Deibold, 17 Hobbes, 75 democracy: deliberative democracy, hypermedia campaigns: defined, 2; 74, 102, 135, 182–191; direct or information processes, 152; Jeffersonian, 52, 102, 103, 135; and organizational behavior, 160; the marketplace, 116; republican, source of content, 161; structure, 103. See also technology 160 determinism: hard determinism and free will, 68; organizational and ideologue elites, 148 technological, 209–210. See also icons, 54 political culture impression, 240 deviance: organizational responses, information management, 152–160, 179; pattern of individual 180 decisions, 177 Internet Relay Chat (IRC), 240–241 direct mail, 2, 40, 45, 76 intranets, 6, 34, 40, 150 Drudge Report, 15 Innis, Harold, 67 issue campaigns: environment, 130, Election Data Services, 16 186; gun control, 88; Nike, 123; epistemic heterarchy, 163 Stop Dr. Laura, 124; Timothy R. events, 55, 58 McVeigh, 124; tobacco, 131 issue publics, 141. See also redlining Federal Communications Commission (FCC), 34 journalists, 43; and media bias, 83 Federal Election Commission (FEC), 15, 57, 180, 200, 202 Lazarsfeld, Paul, 60, 61, 135, 183, 193, Flashmobs, 63 252, 253 flash program, 240 leadership: and charisma, 87, 193; free will. See determinism issue-specific, 89, 92; and public opinion, 78 gay politics, 107, 124 League of Women Voters, 48 gender: in consulting, 202; emily’s Lippman, Walter, 61, 102, 131, 135 List, 200; narration in political lobby group. See campaign ads, 82; Women’s International Net, Webwomen, Webgrrls, 48 machinery of rejoinder, 192 Giddens, Anthony, 70, 130, 192 management: within campaign grassroots movements. See organizations, 143, 145; of campaigns citizens, 204 262 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-84749-0 — New Media Campaigns and the Managed Citizen Philip N. Howard Index More Information Index Mansbridge, Jane, 42, 102, 149, opposition research, 5, 44, 148, 157, 207 168, 241 mass media campaigns, 3, 107, organizational behavior. See 145–147; information processes, information management; 152; organizational behavior, 160; management source of content, 161; structure, 160 page view, 241 McLuhan, Marshall, 67 ParisCommune, 141 media effects: negative effects of new PeaceNet, 12 media, 64–65; neutral effects of Plato, 102 new media, 65–66; positive effects political consultants, 43–44; of new media, 62–63; technology authority of IT specialists, 168; and politics, 5, 62 community identity, 48–51; as a memory, 55, 59, 208 cultural industry, 2, 133, 166, 169; MeetUp.com, 14, 17 goals, 44–48; industry conferences, Merton, Robert, 61, 135, 183, 193 2, 35, 166, 223–226; power and MessageTester, DataBank.com, 81 status, 158; shared ideology, methods, 42, 60; and sampling, 218, 51–54 229. See also cultural frame; media political culture: defined, 71; defined effects; network ethnography; by campaign managers, 54–60; polling; social network analysis hard determinism and free will, MoveOn.org, 14, 167 68–69; soft determinism, 71 polling: direct and indirect inference, narrowcasting, 37, 82, 87, 92, 148, 127; push poll, 87, 116, 157, 174; 154, 159, 171, 180, 181, 183, 189, random digit dial surveys, 98, 107, 191; defined, 8 116 National Association for the portal, 241 Advancement of Colored People privacy, 128; deciding to violate, 176; (NAACP), 137 informed consent, 76, 80, 117, 132, National Education Association 178, 187, 199; privacy policy, 110, (NEA), 88 113; in survey research, 110 National Organization for Women presidential campaigns: to elect (NOW), 29 Bush-Cheney, 2000, 45, 48, 49, 96; National Rifle Association (NRA), 15, to elect Bush-Cheney, 2004, 17; to 29, 137, 138, 194 elect Bush-Quale, 1992, 8; to elect network ethnography, 40–42, Clinton-Gore, 1992, 8; to elect 219–223 Clinton-Gore, 1996, 10; to elect Nielsen ratings, 5, 95 Gore-Lieberman, 2000, 138, 153; nonvoters, 131, 133, 147, 197 to elect Kerry-Edwards, 2004, 17, NPHaHo, 166 138; to elect Nader-LaDuke, 2000, 13; to elect Perot-Stockdale, 1992, objects, 54, 55 8; to nominate Bradley, 2000, 13, OpinionBot, Voting.com, 106 108, 121, 153; to nominate Dean, 263 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-84749-0 — New Media Campaigns and the Managed Citizen Philip N. Howard Index More Information Index presidential campaigns (cont.) spam, 241–242 2004, 16; to nominate Forbes, spider programs, 104, 112, 116, 125, 2004, 162; to nominate Clark, 226, 242 2004, 17; to nominate McCain, spyware programs, xiv, 104, 242 2000, 13 Starr Report, 11, 19, 180, 196 psychographic data, 80, 111, 112, 113, surveillance, 11, 12, 85, 93; and 116, 126, 130, 131, 139, 173, 177 browser cookies, 97, 104; and the public opinion, 91–100; in state, 130. See also spider hypermedia campaigns, 158; in programs; spyware programs mass media campaigns, 107 public sphere, 182; and random technology: and direct democracy, information, 196 35, 51, 61, 119; and the marketplace, 38, 51, 128, 176; and rationalization, 192. See also revolution, 36, 51, 119; and the categorization technological rationale, 191 redlining, 101, 131, 132, 133, 139, technology design, 171; and the 140, 177, 178, 194, 197, 199; norms of designers, 54, 125, 149; defined, 132 and users, 135, 154 restructuration, 70, 192 thomas, 11, 12, 121 Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 75, 187 transaction costs of political engagement, 45–46, 53, 62, 83 schemata: cultural, 67; material, 68; material and technological, 69–72; Usenet, 10, 37, 174, 212, 243 political, 191–196 search: Google, 65; meta-tagging, 65; viral marketing, 91, 136, 179 skills, 65, 132, 173, 183, 186, 198; VoteMover, Astroturf-Lobby.org, 87 software recommendations, 14, Voter News Service, 15 113 voterportal, 104, 105, 106, 111, 134, social network analysis, 215 137 Sierra Club, 186 voterprofiles, 36, 106, 110, 140, 163. Silicon Valley, 49, 118, 143, 175 See also Datamart and Voter Vault Simmel, Georg, 139, 257 VoterVault, 17, 154 SmartVoter.org, Voting.com, 104–118, 125–141, GrassrootsActivist.org, 122 172–175 social movements, 144, 178; endogenously and exogenously webring, 147, 243 formed, 191. See also campaigns WebTV, 81 264 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-84749-0 — New Media Campaigns and the Managed Citizen Philip N. Howard Index More Information Titles in the series (continued from page iii) Hernan Galperin, NewTelevision, Old Politics: The Transition to Digital TV in the United States and Britain Myra Marx Ferree, William Anthony Gamson, Jurgen¨ Gerhards, and Dieter Rucht, Shaping Abortion Discourse: Democracy and the Public Sphere in Germany and the United States Daniel C. Hallin and Paolo Mancini, Comparing Media Systems: Three Models of Media and Politics Robert B. Horowitz, Communication and Democratic Reform in South Africa Richard Gunther and Anthony Mughan, eds., Democracy and the Media: AComparative Perspective Pippa Norris, AVirtuous Circle: Political Communications in Postindustrial Society Pippa Norris, Digital Divide: Civic Engagement, Information Poverty, and the Internet Worldwide Adam F. Simon, The Winning Message: Candidate Behavior, Campaign Discourse Gadi Wolfsfeld, Media and the Path to Peace © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org.