Flora of China 24: 73–263. 2000. LILIACEAE 百合科 bai he ke Chen Xinqi (陈心启 Chen Sing-chi)1, Liang Songyun (梁松筠 Liang Song-jun)2, Xu Jiemei (许介眉)3; Minoru N. Tamura4 Herbs perennial, with a rhizome, bulb, or corm, rarely shrubby or treelike. Leaves basal and/or cauline, alternate, opposite, or whorled, parallel or rarely reticulate veined. Inflorescence a raceme, panicle, spike, umbel, reduced panicle, or other, or flowers soli- tary. Flowers bisexual, rarely unisexual, actinomorphic, rarely zygomorphic; bracts present or absent; bracteoles present or absent. Perianth usually corollalike, 6-merous, rarely 4- or 8-merous, in 2 whorls; segments free (tepals) or united. Stamens 6, rarely 3, 4, or 8, inserted opposite perianth segments; filaments free or adnate to perianth, rarely connate into a corona; anthers usually 2-loculed, basifixed or dorsifixed and versatile, introrse, latrorse, or extrorse, dehiscing usually by vertical slits. Carpels usually connate for most or all of their length, rarely only at base; ovary superior, rarely semi-inferior, 3-loculed, rarely 2- or 4-loculed, with axile pla- centae, or rarely 1-loculed with a parietal placenta; ovules usually anatropous. Nectaries septal, perigonal, or absent. Fruit a capsule or berry. Seeds with abundant endosperm and small embryo. About 250 genera and 3500 species: worldwide, especially in temperate and subtropical regions; 57 genera (three endemic, two introduced) and 726 species (379 endemic, 11 introduced) in China. The circumscription adopted here for Liliaceae sensu lato follows FRPS and is not supported by current phylogenetic analysis of the group. However, the genus order has been adjusted to reflect the more recent classification of Kubitzki (Fam. Gen. Vasc. Pl. 3, 1998), who placed the genera in segregate families as follows: Alliaceae: Allium, Milula; Anemarrhenaceae: Anemarrhena; Anthericaceae: Chlorophytum, Diuranthera; Asparagaceae: Asparagus; Asphodelaceae: Aloe, Eremurus; Calochortaceae: Streptopus, Tricyrtis; Colchicaceae: Disporum, Gloriosa, Iphigenia; Convallariaceae: Aspidistra, Campylandra, Convallaria, Disporopsis, Heteropolygonatum, Liriope, Maianthemum, Ophiopogon, Peliosanthes, Poly- gonatum, Reineckea, Rohdea, Speirantha, Theropogon, Tupistra; Dracaenaceae: Dracaena; Hemerocallidaceae: Dianella, Hemerocallis; Hostaceae: Hosta; Hyacinthaceae: Barnardia; Liliaceae: Cardiocrinum, Clintonia, Erythronium, Fritillaria, Gagea, Lilium, Lloydia, Nomocharis, Notholirion, Tulipa; Lomandraceae: Cordyline, Thysanotus; Melanthiaceae: Chionographis, Heloniopsis, Veratrum, Ypsilandra, Zigadenus; Nartheciaceae: Aletris, Petrosavia, Tofieldia; Smilacaceae: Heterosmilax,Smilax; Trilliaceae: Paris, Trillium. The Liliaceae contain many members of economic importance. Notable among them are some species of Allium, Aloe, Fritillaria, Hemerocallis, Lilium, and Tulipa. The genera Ornithogalum Linnaeus, Ruscus Linnaeus, Sansevieria Thunberg, and Yucca Linnaeus are represented in China by introduced, cultivated ornamentals. They were treated in FRPS but are not described in this account. Wang Fa-tsuan & Tang Tsin, eds. 1978; 1980. Liliaceae. Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 15: 1–280; 14: 1–308. 1a. Herbs saprophytic, without green leaves ........................................................................................................................ 2. Petrosavia 1b. Plants autotrophic, with green leaves. 2a. Plants cormous or bulbiferous. 3a. Plants cormous. 4a. Perianth segments 7–10 × ca. 1 mm, straight; leaves straight at apex ................................................................. 26. Iphigenia 4b. Perianth segments 45–50 × ca. 8 mm, strongly reflexed; leaves with an apical tendril ....................................... 27. Gloriosa 3b. Plants bulbiferous. 5a. Styles 3; anthers reniform, with confluent locules. 6a. Pedicel pubescent; perianth segments not glandular at base ............................................................................... 4. Veratrum 6b. Pedicel glabrous; perianth segments glandular at base ..................................................................................... 5. Zigadenus 5b. Style 1, simple to 3-fid; anthers not reniform, with 2 separate locules. 7a. Inflorescence an umbel, at first wholly enveloped by a scarious spathe ............................................................ 32. Allium 7b. Inflorescence generally not an umbel or, if umbellate, never wholly enveloped by a scarious spathe. 8a. Flowers more than 30, in a dense raceme or spike. 9a. Bulb cylindric; inflorescence spicate; perianth segments partly united; plants with a strong, onionlike odor .................................................................................................................................................................. 33. Milula 9b. Bulb ovoid or globose; inflorescence racemose; perianth segments free; plants without a strong, onionlike odor ............................................................................................................................................. 34. Barnardia 8b. Flowers 1–20, in a lax inflorescence. 10a. Leaves 2, apparently opposite; perianth segments strongly reflexed ................................................. 16. Erythronium 10b. Leaves generally more than 2; perianth segments not reflexed. 11a. Leaves cordate to ovate, reticulate veined .................................................................................... 19. Cardiocrinum 11b. Leaves neither cordate nor ovate, parallel veined. 12a. Bulbs with fleshy, farinaceous scales; perianth segments each with a concave nectary near base adaxially ............................................................................................................................................ 17. Fritillaria 12b. Bulbs without fleshy, farinaceous scales; perianth segments without a concave nectary. 1 Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 20 Nanxincun, Xiangshan, Beijing 100093, People’s Republic of China. 2 Department of Phytotaxonomy, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 20 Nanxincun, Xiangshan, Beijing 100093, People’s Republic of China. 3 Department of Biology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, People’s Republic of China. 4 Botanical Gardens, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, 2000 Kisaichi, Katano-shi, Osaka 576-0004, Japan. 13a. Anthers pseudobasifixed; axis of seed usually straight or slightly curved; leaves basal or cauline. 14a. Basal leaves not arising from bulb but from underground stem; bulb more than 1 cm in diam.; perianth more than 2 cm, deciduous after anthesis .......................................................................... 15. Tulipa 14b. Basal leaves arising from bulb; bulb usually 4–5 mm in diam.; perianth less than 2 cm, persistent after anthesis. 15a. Perianth segments ± hardened and enlarged after anthesis, 1.5–2 × as long as capsule ............. 13. Gagea 15b. Perianth segments withered after anthesis, neither hardened nor enlarged, often shorter than capsule ......................................................................................................................................... 14. Lloydia 13b. Anthers dorsifixed and versatile; axis of seed moderately to strongly curved; leaves cauline or at least mostly so. 16a. Bulb with a brown, scarious tunic; bulbels many, around roots; style 3-fid, apically recurved; seeds wingless .......................................................................................................................... 18. Notholirion 16b. Bulb naked; bulbels absent; style apically with 3 stigmatic crests; seeds winged. 17a. Perianth segments similar, usually without spots or blotches ...................................................... 20. Lilium 17b. Inner perianth segments larger than outer ones, generally all segments with dark spots or blotches ................................................................................................................................ 21. Nomocharis 2b. Plants not bulbiferous or cormous, but often producing rhizomes or other underground organs. 18a. Leaves reduced to scales; branchlets becoming leaflike (cladodes), needlelike or linear, 0.2–3 mm wide, numbering several hundred in a single plant ....................................................................................................... 41. Asparagus 18b. Leaves not reduced to scales; branchlets not as above, fewer than 100 in a single plant. 19a. Fruit bursting irregularly at an early stage and exposing seeds; seeds ellipsoid to globose, each resembling a berry or small drupe. 20a. Leaves subplicate veined, with transverse venation between main veins; filaments united into a ring nearly closing mouth of perianth ................................................................................................................ 57. Peliosanthes 20b. Leaves parallel veined, without clear, transverse venation between main veins; filaments not forming a ring. 21a. Leaves longitudinally whitish striped; flowers ± nodding; ovary semi-inferior; filaments much shorter than anthers; seeds blue ........................................................................................................................... 56. Ophiopogon 21b. Leaves not whitish striped; flowers erect or suberect; ovary superior; filaments longer than or as long as anthers; seeds blackish ...............................................................................................................................