222 BEETLE RECORDS/Late Pleistocene of North America Late Pleistocene of North estimates are discussed in terms of departures from the America modern Tmax and Tmin of the study sites in question. S A Elias, Royal Holloway, University of London, Surrey, UK Research in Eastern North America ª 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Pleistocene insect fossil studies began in earnest in the 1970s, with the most intensively studied region of Beetles are the most diverse group of organisms on North America being the central and eastern United Earth, and their exoskeletal remains preserve well in States and southeastern Canada. Several fossil beetle water-logged sediments of Pleistocene age. Studies of assemblages in eastern North America are thought to late Pleistocene fossil beetle assemblages have been represent Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 5e, the last carried out throughout many regions of North interglaciation. However, the ages of these fossil America in recent decades. This article reports on the assemblages are tentative. One of the richest beetle major findings of these studies in terms of paleoenvir- faunas in this group is from Innerkip, Ontario (Fig. 1, onmental reconstructions and shifting distribution pat- No. 1). This fauna includes several warm-adapted terns (biogeography) of the species found in the fossil species, and MCR analysis of the fauna (Table 1) assemblages, all of which remain extant today. yielded an estimate of Tmax that is essentially the The paleotemperature estimates reported here are same as modern parameters. The fossil assemblage derived from the mutual climatic range (MCR) of from the Pointe-Fortune site on the southern paleoclimate analysis, as discussed in the overview arti- Ontario–Quebec border (Fig. 1, No. 2) is also cle for this section. For the sites in eastern and central thought to derive from MIS 5 (Anderson et al., North America, the MCR method was used to provide 1990). This fauna contains boreal species that indi- estimates of mean temperatures of the warmest (Tmax) cate colder than modern climate (Table 1), so per- and coldest (Tmin) months of the year. Tmax and Tmin haps it reflects a late MIS 5 environment. Likewise, 100°W90°W80°W70°W 60°W 3 4 27 45°N 5 28 32 2 30 21 7 23 25 20 29 40°N 24 31 26 18 1 19 22 11 6 17 16 10 15 8 9 12 13 14 35°N Figure 1 Map of eastern and central North America showing locations of fossil sites discussed in text. Site numbers match those in Table 1. Table 1 Summary of fossil beetle assemblage data from sites in central and eastern North America a Site Age (cal yr Late Pleistocene Modern Change in Temperature References BP Â 1000) Tmax ( C) Tmin ( C) Tmax ( C) Tmin ( C) July DT ( C) January DT ( C) 1. Innerkip, Ont. MIS 5e 16–19 À16 to À8 20.4 À6.3 À4.4 to À1.4 À9.7 to À1.7 Pilny and Morgan (1987), Churcher et al. (1990) 2. Pointe Fortune, Que MIS 5 14–17 À22.5 to À6 19.3 À9.8 À5.3 to À2.3 À12.7 to þ3.8 Anderson et al. (1990) 3. Henday, Man. MIS 5 8.5–10 À32.5 to À27.5 15.3 À25.8 À6.8 to À5.3 À6.7 to À1.7 Nielsen et al. (1986) 4. Owl Creek, Ont. MIS 5 13–15 À24 to À19 17.4 À17.5 À4.4 to À2.4 À6.5 to À1.5 Mott and DiLabio (1990) 5. Chaudiere Valley, Que >52 10–10.5 À30 to À28 18 À13 À8toÀ7.5 À17 to À10 Matthews and Mott (1987), Elias (1999) 6. Titusville, PA #6 46.5 12.75–13.5 À19.3 to À17.5 20.3 À5.1 À7.4 to À6.8 À14.2 to À12.4 Cong et al. (1996), Elias (1999) 6. Titusville, PA #5 45.7 15–15.5 À24 to À23 20.3 À5.1 À5.3 to À4.8 À18.9 to À17.9 Cong et al. (1996), Elias (1999) 6. Titusville, PA #4 45 18.5–19.3 À10.5 to À8.25 20.3 À5.1 À1.8 to À1 À5.4 to À3.2 Cong et al. (1996), Elias (1999) 6. Titusville, PA #3 44.3 13.5–14.5 À30.5 to À27.5 20.3 À5.1 À6.8 to À5.8 À25.4 to À22.4 Cong et al. (1996), Elias (1999) 6. Titusville, PA #2 43.7 12–13 À31 to À28 20.3 À5.1 À8.3 to À7.3 À25.9 to À17.5 Cong et al. (1996), Elias (1999) 6. Titusville, PA #1 43.2 11.8–12.5 À31.3 to À22.5 20.3 À5.1 À8.5 to À7.8 À26.2 to À17.4 Cong et al. (1996), Elias (1999) 7. Clarksburg, Ont. >40.6 10–12 À31 to À17 19.1 À8.9 À9.1 to À7.1 À22.1 to À8.1 Warner et al. (1988), Elias (1999) 8. St. Charles, IA 40.1 17–20.5 À16.5 to À6.5 23.8 À6.9 À6.8 to À3.3 À9.6 to þ0.4 Baker et al. (1991), Elias (1999) 9. Athens, IL 29.9–26.7 13–15 À19.5 to À13 24.6 À4.1 À11.6 to À9.6 À15.4 to À8.9 Morgan (1987), Elias (1999) 10. Wedron, IL 25.8 12–12.5 À30 to À26.5 23.6 À5.9 À11.6 to À11.1 À24.1 to À20.6 Garry et al. (1990), Elias (1999) 11. Elkader, IA 24.5 13–15 À27 to À22 22.6 À9.2 À9.6 to À7.6 À17.8 to À12.8 Schwert (1992), Elias (1999) 12. Salt River, MO 23.3 14.5–16 À22.3 to À15.5 22 À4.4 À7.5 to À6 À17.9 to À11.1 Schwert et al. (1997), Elias (1999) 13. Salt Spring Hollow, IL 22.5 12.8–14.8 À27.3 to À19.3 24.6 À3.5 À11.8 to À9.8 À23.8 to À15.8 Schwert et al. (1997), Elias (1999) 14. Bonfils Quarry, MO 20.8 14–16.3 À26 to À17 26.6 À1.5 À12.6 to À10.3 À24.5 to À15.5 Schwert et al. (1997), Elias (1999) 15. Conklin Quarry, IA 20.7 11.5–12.5 À29 to À27 22.3 À9 À10.8 to À9.8 À20 to À18 Baker et al. (1986), Elias et al. (1996a) 16. Saylorville, IA 19.4 12–16 À30 to À10 22.7 À9.1 À10.7 to À6.7 À20.9 to À0.9 Schwert (1992), Elias et al. (1996a) 17. Ft. Dodge, IA/I 18 12–13 À26 to À20 23.1 À9.4 À11.9 to À10.9 À16.6 to À10.6 Schwert (1992), Elias et al. (1996a) 17. Ft. Dodge, IA/II 17.3 11.5–12.5 À28.5 to À19.5 23.1 À9.4 À11.4 to À12.4 À19.1 to À10.1 Schwert (1992), Elias et al. (1996a) 18. Weaver Drain, MI 17 12.5–16.5 À29.5 to À6.5 21.1 À6.2 À8.6 to À4.6 À23.3 to À0.3 Morgan et al. (1981), Elias et al. (1996a) 19. Winter Gulf, NY/W08 15.4 17.7–20.5 À10 to À4.5 20.4 À5.2 À2.9 to þ0.1 À4.8 to þ0.7 Schwert and Morgan (1980), Elias et al. (1996a) 20. Gage St., Ont./G8 15.0–14.5 11.5–13.5 À25.5 to À11.5 19.9 À7.5 À8.4 to À6.4 À18 to À4 Schwert et al. (1985), Elias et al. (1996a) (Continued) Table 1 (Continued ) a Site Age (cal yr Late Pleistocene Modern Change in Temperature References BP Â 1000) Tmax ( C) Tmin ( C) Tmax ( C) Tmin ( C) July DT ( C) January DT ( C) 19. Winter Gulf, NY/W06 14.8 16.5–21 À11.5 to À4 20.4 À5.2 À3.9 to þ0.6 À8.6 to þ1.2 Schwert and Morgan (1980), Elias et al. (1996a) 21. Rostock, Ont. 14.7 12–15 À28 to À20 19.4 À7.8 À7toÀ4.4 À20.2 to À12.2 Pilny and Morgan (1987), Elias et al. (1996a) 22. Newton, PA 14.6 10–15 À31 to À9 19.7 À5.6 À9.7 to À4.7 À25.4 to À3.4 Barnowsky et al. (1988), Elias et al. (1996a) 23. Norwood, MN/Peat 14.5 16.5–21.5 À17.5 to À3 22.1 À12.3 À5.6 to À0.6 À5.2 to þ9.3 Ashworth et al. (1981), Elias et al. (1996a) 19. Winter Gulf, NY/W04 14.5 15–21.5 À14 to 0 20.4 À5.2 À5.4 to þ1.1 À9.8 to þ5.2 Schwert and Morgan (1980), Elias et al. (1996a) 20. Gage St., Ont./G7 14.5–12.8 20–21 À5.5 to À2.5 19.9 À7.5 0 to þ1.1 þ2toþ5 Schwert et al. (1985), Elias et al. (1996a) 23. Norwood, MN/M.S. 13.8 15–20 À25 to À12 22.1 À12.3 À7.1 to À2.1 À12.7 to À0.3 Ashworth et al. (1981), Elias et al. (1996a) 21. Rostock, Ont/65–75 13.6 15–20.5 À22.5 to À4.5 19.4 À7.8 À4toþ0.6 À14.7 to þ3.3 Pilny and Morgan (1987), Elias et al.