ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY College of Development Studies Food Security Studies Household Food Security Situation in Girar Jarso Woreda, North Shewa Zone of Oromiya National Regional State, Ethiopia BY MESKEREM ABI TEKA June, 2011 Addis Ababa i Addis Ababa University College of Development Studies Household Food Security Situation in Girar Jarso Woreda, North Shewa Zone of Oromiya National Regional State, Ethiopia A Thesis Submitted to the College of Development Studies of Addis Ababa University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Food Security Studies By: MESKEREM ABI ii Household Food Security Situation in Girar Jarso Woreda, North Shewa Zone of Oromiya National Regional State, Ethiopia BY MESKEREM ABI APPROVED BY THE BOARD OF EXAMINORS: SIGNATURE ________________________ __________________ COLLEGE DEAN ________________________ __________________ ADVISOR _________________________ __________________ INTERNAL EXAMINER _________________________ __________________ iii Table of Content Table of Content .......................................................................................................................... i List of Tables ........................................................................................................................... vii List of Figures ......................................................................................................................... viii Acknowledgments ..................................................................................................................... ix Abstract ...................................................................................................................................... x Acronyms .................................................................................................................................. xi Glossary ................................................................................................................................... xii Chapter 1 : Introduction ............................................................................................... 1 1.1. Background ..................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Statement of the Problem ...................................................................................................... 3 1.3 Objectives of the Study ......................................................................................................... 5 1.3.1 Specific Objectives ............................................................................................................ 5 1.3.2 Research Questions ............................................................................................................ 5 1.4 Significance of the Study ...................................................................................................... 5 1.5 Limitations of the Study ....................................................................................................... 6 1.6 Organizations of the Thesis................................................................................................... 6 Chapter 2 : Review of Theoretical and Related Literature ......................................... 7 2.1 Conceptual and Theoretical Frameworks .............................................................................. 7 2.1.1 Conceptual Frameworks .................................................................................................... 7 2.2 Theoretical Framework ......................................................................................................... 8 2.2.1 General Explanation of Food Insecurity ............................................................................. 9 2.2.2 Models of Food Insecurity ............................................................................................... 10 2.2.3 Sustainable Livelihood Framework .................................................................................. 11 2.3 Review of Related Works on Household Food Security ...................................................... 13 2.3.1 Determinants of Household Food Security ....................................................................... 13 2.3.2 Review of Literature on Food Security Situation in Ethiopia ............................................ 14 2.4 Household Coping Mechanisms.......................................................................................... 18 2.5 Analytical Framework ........................................................................................................ 18 iv Chapter 3 : Research Methodology ............................................................................ 21 3.1 Description of the Study Area ............................................................................................. 21 3.2 Sample Design.................................................................................................................... 25 3.3 Sampling Technique ........................................................................................................... 25 3.4 Methods of Data Collection ................................................................................................ 27 3.5 Method of Data Analysis .................................................................................................... 29 Chapter 4 : Access to Livelihood Resources/Assets ................................................... 30 4.1 Access to Natural Resources ............................................................................................... 30 4.1.1 Access to Land Resources................................................................................................ 31 4.1.2 Access to Water ............................................................................................................... 36 4.2 Availability and Utilization of Labor .................................................................................. 39 4.2.1 Labor Availability............................................................................................................ 39 4.2.2 Health .............................................................................................................................. 40 4.2.3 Education ........................................................................................................................ 40 4.3 Livestock and Farm Oxen Possession ................................................................................. 41 4. 4 Availability and Utilization of Agricultural Inputs ............................................................. 44 4. 5 Access to Rural Credit ....................................................................................................... 45 4. 6 Social Net Works and Relations ......................................................................................... 46 Chapter 5 : Household Income, Expenditure and Consumption Patterns................ 47 5.1 Household Income .............................................................................................................. 47 5.2 Household Expenditure and Saving Pattern ........................................................................ 48 5.3 Household Consumption Pattern and Sources of Food ........................................................ 50 5.4 Availability of Food Grains and Dietary Energy of Households .......................................... 52 5.5 Factors Affecting Availability of Sufficient Dietary Energy to Households ......................... 56 5.5.1 Demographic Characteristics of the Households .............................................................. 57 5.5.2 Productive Resources ....................................................................................................... 59 Chapter 6 : Perception, Causes and Coping Strategies to Household Food Insecurity63 6.1 Perception on Household Food Security Situation............................................................... 63 6.2 Causes of Household Food Insecurity ................................................................................. 67 6.2.1 Demographic Related Problem ........................................................................................ 67 6.2.2. Biophysical Related Problem .......................................................................................... 69 v 6.2.3 Socio-Cultural and Infrastructural Factors ........................................................................ 71 6.2.4 Economic Factors ............................................................................................................ 72 6.2.5 Political and Institutional Related Problem ...................................................................... 73 6.3 Household Coping Strategies to Food Shortage .................................................................. 74 Chapter 7 : Summary, Conclusions and Recommendations ..................................... 76 7.1 Summary ............................................................................................................................ 76 7.2 Conclusions ........................................................................................................................ 78 7.2 Recommendations .............................................................................................................. 80 References Annexes