Saudi Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Abbreviated Key Title: Saudi J Humanities Soc Sci ISSN 2415-6256 (Print) | ISSN 2415-6248 (Online) Scholars Middle East Publishers, Dubai, United Arab Emirates Journal homepage: https://saudijournals.com Review Article Four Hundred Years of Portuguese Pre-colonial and Colonial Agenda of Exploration, Expropriation and Exploitation (3Es) from Monarchical to Republican Diplomatic Agents in Angola 1575-1975 Dr. Njuafac Kenedy Fonju (Ph.D)1* 1Senior Lecturer, History of International Relations University of Dschang/Faculty of Letters and Social Sciences Department of History- Archeology-Cameroon, Team Leader of Diaspora Studies of The Research Unit of African Studies Andthe Diaspora (Ruasd) DOI: 10.36348/sjhss.2021.v06i08.002 | Received: 07.07.2021 | Accepted: 10.08.2021 | Published: 16.08.2021 *Corresponding author: Dr. Njuafac Kenedy Fonju (Ph.D) Abstract This paper deals with the identification of Portuguese pre-colonial and colonial diplomatic agents who initiated and effectively implementedthe mechanisms and tools of 3Es for 400 years in Angola from 1575 to 1975. The study briefly presented two main actors countries of Central Africa and Western Europe, Monarchical figuresand Republican Presidents as holders of appointed diplomatic field agents in their different ranks and portfolios. The scrutiny of specialized sources, related scientific materials, different types of reports pertaining to these Portuguese agents in Angola and other institutional documents facilitate us to use a historical analytical approach with evidences drawn from variety of sources. The interpretation of evidence and findings shows that African history is frequently studied with some negligence with much lacking to disclose those European agents who strongly defended their countries by cheating Africans human and natural resources.The awareness of the above can likely opens new research avenues in the 21st Century. Our findings shows that within the period of the study, there were a total of 158 Portuguese official agents with 102 pre-colonial agents between 1575 and 1885 and 56 colonial agents from 1886 to 1975.Finally, about 23 elected or appointed Portuguese saved as President and Head of State during the colonial era spanning from 1910 to 1975.Comparatively to negligence of other European exploiters, the Portuguese at least tried to develop Angola. Therefore, this study is limited to the above as a means of building a historiography of 3Es agents which are often lacking in history books. Keywords: Diplomatic, Agents, Monarchical, Republican, Exploration, Expropriation, Exploitation, pre-colonial, colonial, wars, slavery and slave trade. Copyright © 2021 The Author(s): This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0) which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium for non-commercial use provided the original author and source are credited. INRODUCTION through the use of appointed diplomatic agents, Angola, th Sao-Tome and Principe, Guinea Bissau and During the 16 Century, Portuguese explorers Mozambique suffered in the Portuguese commanding of different portfolios invaded and laid the groundwork agents (Njuafac K.F, 2021) in view of what we which later facilitated conditions necessary to qualified in this study as 3Es.Following the collapsed of effectively implement the mechanisms of 3Es in Monarchical system in 1910, the Portuguese saw the different sphere of influences in Africa. Remotely birth of the First Republic of Portugal which also have occupation and torturing strategies took place between different visions in the context of colonialism and 1575 and 1883,(Pre-colonial capturing stage).The next modification of colonial ambitions. The fact outbreak of stage was the official recognition of Portuguese the First World War of 1914-1918 once more glorified possessions during the Berlin Colonial Conference the Portuguese griped of Angola when the Peacemakers organized and chaired by the then German Chancellor of the Paris Peace Conference of 1919 with the Otto Von Bismarck from November 1884 to February formation of the first international organization know as 1885 with undisputable gratification of colonial the League of Nations (LONs) with its Covenant placed possessions in Africa by the European Great Powers all colonial countries as Mandated Territories with the (Germany, France, Britain, Portugal, Italy and Spain). existing colonial masters empowered. From then Among the principal victims of Portuguese imperial henceforth, the Post-Paris Peace Conference to the hegemony with monarchical powers strongly employed outbreak of the Second World War of 1939-1945 Citation: Njuafac Kenedy Fonju (2021). Four Hundred Years of Portuguese Pre-colonial and Colonial Agenda of Exploration, 253 Expropriation and Exploitation (3Es) From Monarchical to Republican Diplomatic Agents in Angola 1575-1975. Saudi J. Humanities Soc Sci, 6(8): 253-271. Njuafac Kenedy Fonju; Saudi J. Humanities Soc Sci, Aug, 2021; 6(8): 253-271 strengthened Portuguese legitimacy in Angola through Caribbean. The Portuguese explorative and colonial the International Trusteeship System of the second agents established hard and harsh laws to benefit for international organisation known as the United Nations their missions towards the development of their country Organisation (UNO). then to the detriment of the Angolans. For example, Africans had to work hard and pay heavy taxes to the The Agents of the Three Republics of colonial administration. This enables us to start asking Portugalspanning from 1910 after the exiled of the last where the word Portugal came from following their Monarchy called Manuel IIonce more witnessed the inhuman treatments of Africans. The word Portugal appointment of new Diplomatic agents with the first derives from the Roman-Celtic place name PortusCale. known as Caetano Francisco Cláudio Eugénio Cale or Cailleach was the name of a Celtic deity and the Gonçalves who was appointed by President Teófilo name of an early settlement located at the mouth of the Braga (Alexopoulou K, online 2021 )under his Douro River (present-day Vila Nova de Gaia), which Republican regime. Therefore, the activities of 3Es took flows into the Atlantic Ocean in the North of what is a another distinguish dimension in face of nationalist now Portugal founded on October 5, 1143(Silva da challenges and resistance movements which D.B.D, 2010, 2013)with a surface area of 92,212 subsequently staged typologies of skirmishes and kilometer square as opposed surface area of Angola as conflicts towards a deniable self-determination and total the Africa's seventh largest country with an area of independence which were delayed for seven decades 481,400 square miles, and the 23rd largest country in the during the 20th Century. While other European world (Shana Melnysyn, 2017; Coelho J.P.B, online). countries like Britain, France, Italy and Spain were reflecting and preparing their colonial peoples and Angolan territory representing more than five territories towards granting of independence during the times the size of Portugal, imagine this type of beginning of the second decade of the 20th Century, historical scandal that, European Portuguese turned the Portuguese colonial agents of High Commissioners and country into their Oversea Province because they Governor Generals maintained their griped more firmly possessed all types of sophisticated weapons to in spites of the colonial wars inflicted to them by the intimidate Africans with in order to carry out intensive then political elites. Therefore, both agents of the pre- suppressions and tortures.(Humbaraci, A et al., 1974 ). colonial and colonial eras work for the interests of the The Dutch also shown their mark of occupation Portuguese Government at Lisbon and kept African between 1641 to 1648, Portuguese unofficial Angolans worried with constant conflicts which colonization from 1648 to 1951, Portuguese Province escalated for the wars of liberation and later to a full 1951-1961, war of independence and national liberation scale civil war following the Portuguese granting struggles between 1961 and 1974 lastly became a independence and departure from November 10 to 11, Sovereign Socialist State (SSS) in 1975 with full scale 1975 (Andrade S, 2007). The worst legacy the civil war erupting between different political factions. Portuguese left in Angola was the slogan of After 400 years of the Portuguese pre-colonial and continuation of political instability and social unrest colonial administration, the country was glorified with known with total civil wars which took the country total political instability which devastated the economy hostile throughout the rest of the 20th Century. and human losses. Both the Portuguese Monarchical and Republican systems did the worst so far as the Disputes over control of trade, particularly history of slavery, slave trade and colonization are regarding slaves from Kongo and its neighbours, led concerned. Historical judgment is very clear in this the Portuguese to look for new allies, especially the study and needs to open the eyes of the 21st generation Ndongo kingdom. After undertaking several missions of African youths to know the existing colonial agents there, the Portuguese established a colony at Luanda in of the time and found out in detail the harms they 1575(Timeline Angola Historical Events,11 November. inflicted to Angola as well as in