The Europeanization of national foreign policy? The role of the EU CFSP/ESDP in crisis decision-making in Macedonia and Afghanistan Eva Gross London School of Economics and Political Science Department of International Relations Thesis submitted to the University of London for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in International Relations March 2007 UMI Number: U615885 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Dissertation Publishing UMI U615885 Published by ProQuest LLC 2014. Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 C Table of Contents Acknowledgments .............................................................................................. ..........7 Chapter 1. Introduction I. Aim of the thesis...................................................................................................... 8 II. Research Question................................................................................................... 8 III. Contribution to literature.............................................................. 11 IV. Case selection, Research Design and Methodology...........................................15 V. Hypotheses generated from the conceptual approaches; some definitions 24 VI. Thesis outline.............. 29 Chapter 2. Conceptual Framework I. Introduction..............................................................................................................30 II. International Relations Theory and EU Foreign and Security Policy................31 III. Governmental Politics..........................................................................................37 a. Applying FPA to the European context.................................................................38 b. Governmental politics in the EU CFSP/ESDP framework.................................40 IV. Europeanization....................................................................................................46 a. Applying ‘Europeanization’ to foreign and security policy................................48 b. Defining Europeanization...................................................................................... 49 c. Operationalizing Europeanization.........................................................................55 V. Alliance Politics..................................................................................................... 57 a. Alliances in international politics..........................................................................58 b. NATO since the end of the Cold W ar ...................................................................59 c. Operationalizing Alliance Politics.........................................................................61 VI. Conclusion.............................................................................................................63 Chapter 3. The crisis in the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYROM) and the war in Afghanistan I. Introduction..............................................................................................................65 II. FYROM..................................................................................................................66 a. The significance of the crisis for EU foreign policy............................................ 66 b. Background. The crisis in FYROM .......................................................................67 c. Policy area 1: The negotiations leading to the Ohrid Framework Agreement.. 70 d. Policy area 2: NATO Operation Essential Harvest..............................................77 e. Policy area 3: The politics of the ESDP takeover from NATO...........................80 f. Conclusion: questions raised by this case............................................................. 83 III. Afghanistan............................................................................................................84 a. The significance of Afghanistan for international security.................................84 b. Policy area 1: OEF and the war on terror............................................................. 90 c. Policy area 2: The reconstruction of Afghanistan................................................92 d. Policy area 3: ISAF and its institutional anchoring..............................................96 e. Conclusion: questions raised by this case............................................................. 99 IV. Conclusion...........................................................................................................100 Chapter 4. Germany and the crisis in FYROM I. Introduction............................................................................................................102 II. Policy area 1: Support for the EU CFSP in the political negotiations............. 103 a. Europeanization...................................................................................................106 b. Alliance Politics.....................................................................................................112 III. Policy area 2: Participation in NATO Operation Essential Harvest............... 114 a. Europeanization.................................................................................................... 120 b. Alliance Politics.................................................................................................... 123 IV. The politics of the ESDP takeover from NATO..............................................126 a. Europeanization.................................................................................................... 130 b. Alliance Politics...................................................................................... 131 V. Conclusion............................................................................................................132 Chapter 5. Germany and the war in Afghanistan I. Introduction............................................................................................................135 II. Policy area 1: OEF and the war on terror.......................................................... 136 a. Europeanization.................................................. 140 b. Alliance Politics.................................................................................................... 144 III. Policy area 2: The reconstruction of Afghanistan............................................147 a. Europeanization............................. 150 b. Alliance Politics.................................................................................................... 154 IV. Policy area 3: German participation in ISAF...................................................155 a. Europeanization.....................................................................................................158 b. Alliance Politics.....................................................................................................162 V. Conclusion............................................................................................................165 Chapter 6. France and the crisis in FYROM I. Introduction............................................................................................................168 II. Policy area 1: Support for the EU CFSP in the political negotiations.............169 a. Europeanization.......................................................................................... 171 b. Alliance Politics.....................................................................................................178 III. Policy area 2: Participation in NATO Operation Essential Harvest............... 180 a. Europeanization.................................................................................................... 182 b. Alliance Politics.....................................................................................................183 IV. Policy area 3: The politics of the ESDP takeover from NATO..................... 185 a. Europeanization.................................................................................................... 187 b. Alliance Politics.................................................................................................... 190 V. Conclusion............................................................................................................192 Chapter 7. France and the war in Afghanistan I. Introduction............................................................................................................194 II. Policy area 1: OEF and the war on terror.......................................................... 195 a. Europeanization.................................................................................................... 200 b. Alliance Politics.................................................................................................... 203 4 III. Policy area 2: The reconstruction of Afghanistan........................................... 206 a. Europeanization...................................................................................................