
Understanding Graphs: Modeling Processes, Prerequisites and Influencing Factors of Graphicacy Dissertation der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen zur Erlangung des Grades eines Doktors der Naturwissenschaften (Dr. rer. nat.) vorgelegt von Ulrich Ludewig aus Steinfurt Tübingen 2018 1 Gedruckt mit Genehmigung der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen. Tag der mündlichen Qualifikation: 02.10.2018 Dekan: Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Rosenstiel 1. Berichterstatter: Prof. Dr. Katharina Scheiter 2. Berichterstatter: Prof. Dr. Augustin Kelava 2 3 Acknowledgments This research was funded by the LEAD Graduate School & Research Network [GSC1028], a pro- ject of the Excellence Initiative of the German federal and state governments. Ulrich Ludewig is a doctoral student at the LEAD Graduate School & Research Network [GSC 1028]. Additionally, the Leibniz-Institut für Wissensmedien provided infrastructure and technical support. My academic gratitude goes to my supervisors Prof. Dr. Katharina Scheiter, Prof. Dr. Augustin Kelava, and Prof. Dr. Korbinian Möller for introducing me into the world of science, and for help- ing me to develop my thinking and my writing. Additionally, to Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Schnotz, Prof. Dr. Erica De Vries and Prof. Dr. Neil Schwarz for providing the international cognitive visualiza- tion program which prepared me well for my dissertation. Furthermore, I want to thank my colleagues and friends from AG 6 Multiple Representations and the LEAD Graduate School & Research Network for making work a joy, for many pleasant lunches and all of the off-work activities. I want to thank Cansu, Karo, Anne, Marie-Christine, Maria, Juli- ane and many more for proofreading my work. I would also like to thank Selina Emhardt and Paul Feltes for the support during data collection; Mathias Rieckert, Adam Ayaita, and Dr. Michael Paul Grozs for many enlightening discussions about science; and Prof. Dr. Jürgen Heller, Dr. Stefan Huber, Dr. Simon Grund, Dr. Johann Jacoby, and Dr. Florian Wickelmaier for statistical support. Moreover, I am very grateful for my family which supported me throughout my entire career. Finally, I want to thank Pauline for being a supporting partner and for accepting the time constraints and the mobility which came along with this work. I would not have made it without your support. 4 Table of Content Abbreviations ......................................................................................................................... 8 Chapter I. Introduction ...................................................................................................... 9 Terminology across research disciplines .................................................................... 12 Modeling graphicacy as a competence ....................................................................... 15 I.2.1 Competence frameworks of graphicacy ................................................................................. 16 I.2.2 Competence models of graphicacy ........................................................................................ 18 I.2.3 Influencing factors ................................................................................................................. 20 I.2.4 Summary ................................................................................................................................ 21 Graph comprehension as a process ............................................................................ 23 I.3.1 The Model of Display Comprehension (Shah, Freedman, & Vekiri, 2005) .......................... 23 I.3.2 The Componential Model of Human Interaction with Graphs (Gillan & Lewis, 1994) ........ 25 I.3.3 Summary ................................................................................................................................ 26 A Process-Oriented Model of Graphicacy.................................................................. 28 I.4.1 Model components ................................................................................................................. 28 I.4.2 Model architecture ................................................................................................................. 30 Research questions ..................................................................................................... 38 Statistical modeling approaches ................................................................................. 40 I.6.1 Item response theory with explanatory and process variables ............................................... 43 I.6.2 Knowledge Space Theory ...................................................................................................... 47 Study overview ........................................................................................................... 51 Chapter II. Influences of basic numerical abilities on graph reading performance .......... 53 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 54 II.1.1 Graph reading......................................................................................................................... 55 II.1.2 Basic numerical abilities ........................................................................................................ 57 Method ....................................................................................................................... 59 II.2.1 Sample ................................................................................................................................... 59 II.2.2 Measures ................................................................................................................................ 59 II.2.3 Procedure ............................................................................................................................... 62 II.2.4 Statistical Analyses ................................................................................................................ 62 Results ........................................................................................................................ 64 Discussion .................................................................................................................. 67 II.4.1 Conclusions and Perspectives ................................................................................................ 71 Chapter III. Interpreting process measures in text-graphics comprehension ..................... 72 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 73 Theory ........................................................................................................................ 74 III.2.1 Text-graph comprehension .................................................................................................... 74 III.2.2 Process measures in text-graph comprehension ..................................................................... 75 III.2.3 Initial reading and task completion ........................................................................................ 77 5 Table of Content (2) III.2.4 Hypotheses ............................................................................................................................. 78 General method .......................................................................................................... 79 III.3.1 Material .................................................................................................................................. 79 III.3.2 Procedure ............................................................................................................................... 80 III.3.3 Process measures ................................................................................................................... 81 III.3.4 Statistical analyses ................................................................................................................. 82 Study 1 ........................................................................................................................ 84 III.4.1 Method 1 ................................................................................................................................ 84 III.4.2 Results 1 ................................................................................................................................. 84 III.4.3 Discussion 1 ........................................................................................................................... 88 Study 2 ........................................................................................................................ 90 III.5.1 Individual characteristics and text-graph comprehension ...................................................... 90 III.5.2 Method 2 ................................................................................................................................ 91 III.5.3 Results 2 ................................................................................................................................. 93 III.5.4 Discussion 2 ........................................................................................................................... 98 Summary and conclusions .........................................................................................
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