University of Huddersfield Repository Moriarty, Esther Maria The Great Famine - an Irish tragedy and its impact on the English town of Huddersfield from 1845- 1861 Original Citation Moriarty, Esther Maria (2010) The Great Famine - an Irish tragedy and its impact on the English town of Huddersfield from 1845-1861. Doctoral thesis, University of Huddersfield. This version is available at http://eprints.hud.ac.uk/id/eprint/8802/ The University Repository is a digital collection of the research output of the University, available on Open Access. Copyright and Moral Rights for the items on this site are retained by the individual author and/or other copyright owners. Users may access full items free of charge; copies of full text items generally can be reproduced, displayed or performed and given to third parties in any format or medium for personal research or study, educational or not-for-profit purposes without prior permission or charge, provided: • The authors, title and full bibliographic details is credited in any copy; • A hyperlink and/or URL is included for the original metadata page; and • The content is not changed in any way. For more information, including our policy and submission procedure, please contact the Repository Team at: [email protected]. http://eprints.hud.ac.uk/ THE GREAT FAMINE – AN IRISH TRAGEDY AND ITS IMPACT ON THE ENGLISH TOWN OF HUDDERSFIELD FROM 1845 – 1861 Esther Maria Moriarty A thesis submitted to the University of Huddersfield in fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of History The University of Huddersfield August 2010 1 COPYRIGHT Esther Maria Moriarty, the author of this thesis, including any appendices owns any Copyright to it and gives the University of Huddersfield the right to use any such Copyright for administrative, promotional, educational and teaching purposes. Copies of this thesis, either in full or in extracts may only be made in accordance with the regulations of the University Library. Details of these regulations may be obtained from the Librarian. This page must form part of any such copies made. The ownership of any patents, designs, trade-marks and any and all other intellectual property rights except for the Copyright, (the “Intellectual Property Rights”) and any reproductions of copyright works, for example graphs and tables (“Reproductions”), which may be described in this thesis, may not be owned by the author any may not be owned by third parties. Such Intellectual Property Rights and Reproductions cannot and must not be made available for use without the prior written permission of the owner (s) of the relevant Intellectual Property Rights and/or Reproductions. 2 To my husband Robert and daughter Lily, Thanks for being there 3 Acknowledgments Without the assistance and guidance of the following people, it would have been difficult to complete this thesis. Prof. Keith Laybourn has been a patient and inspiring motivator throughout and his advice, expertise and support were all instrumental in helping me to complete this thesis. To him, I am truly grateful. My father Christopher Moriarty‟s experiences in the tenements are referred to within the thesis. He was a valuable sounding board who was always keen to offer advice and suggestions on a way forward. Thanks Dad. My mother Noreen gave me some insight on rural Irish traditions based on her own background. Thanks Mom for that. My family; brothers Evan and Cian, sisters Clodagh, Rachel and Aoife and their families have offered me all kinds of support. Thanks to you all. Some friends like Liz, Maureen and Teresa have all supported me in various capacities throughout and I cannot thank them enough. The efforts of the staff at Huddersfield Archives and Local Library were gratefully received. They suggested some valuable sources that provided some interesting insights on the plight of the Irish. Similarly, the staff at Leeds Local Library was also helpful. At St. Patrick‟s, Huddersfield, Fr. Ian Smith and his predecessor Fr. Euguene McGillycuddy were all very willing to allow me access to their church and their records. Mr. Alistair Cheetham gave me a personal tour of the church and offered advice on the parish records. Mr Robert Finnigan, the Diocesan Archivist was always very helpful with the Dicoesan Records. Much thanks to you all. My husband Robert has been my assistant throughout and I would have been lost without his computer expertise. I cannot thank him enough for all his practical help, emotional support and patience. Lily, sorry for not being able to play all the time but we will make up for it and Mommy will not be at the computer constantly. Lastly, it is my fellow countrymen and women who are to be remembered. Their experiences at times were harsh and I hope I have presented a true picture of what life was truly like for them. 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS NAME OF CHAPTER PAGE NUMBERS Title Page 1 Copyright 2 Dedication 3 Acknowledgements 4 Table of Contents 5 List of Tables 6 Introduction 9 Chapter 1: 30 LIFE FOR THE IRISH IN HUDDERSFIELD Chapter 2: 65 DID THE IRISH INTEGRATE WITH THE HOST POPULATION? Chapter 3: 88 CRIME IN HUDDERSFIELD Chapter 4: 118 EMPLOYMENT PATTERNS IN HUDDERSFIELD? Chapter 5: 162 FAITH AND THE IRISH Chapter 6: 202 HOW AND WHERE THE IRISH LIVED? Chapter 7: 260 THE EDUCATION OF THE IRISH IN HUDDERSFIELD Conclusion 275 Appendices: Tabular tables 287 Maps (Included in the text) Modern day photos of the streets (Included in the text) Interview with C. E. Moriarty who lived in a Tenement in 328 Cork, Ireland. Bibliography 332 Word Count: 87094 5 LIST OF TABLES Point to Note: On the recommendation of the examiner, tables longer than a page have been moved to the Appendices. Chapter 1: 1. Table 1.1: Parents‟ place of residence Page: 37 2. Table 1.2: Birthplace of Inhabitants of West Riding Page: 45 3. Table 1.3: Number of Irish in Huddersfield Page: 46 4. Table 1.4: Migratory Patterns to Huddersfield Page: 287 5. Table 1.5: Street in Town Centre North – Post Office Yard Page: 289 Chapter 2: 6. Table 2.1: No. recorded Irish-born, families & inter-marriages Page: 67 7. Table 2.2: Inter-marriages in Kirkmoor Place Page: 71 8. Table 2.3: Inter-marriages in Post Office Yard Page: 292 9. Table 2.4: Age Range Single People in Castlegate Page: 73 10. Table 2.5: Dock Street Page: 295 11. Table 2.6: Inter-marriages in Greenhead, Springwood Page: 297 12. Table 2.7: Inter-marriages in Kirkheaton, Kirkburton Page: 299 13. Table 2.8: Inter-marriages in Longroyd Page: 79 14. Table 2.9: Inter-marriages in Town Centre North Page: 301 15. Table 2.10: Inter-marriages in Town Centre South-East Page: 303 16. Table 2.11: Inter-marriages in Town Centre South-West Page: 306 17. Table 2.12: Ages & Places of birth Duffys, Outcote Bank Page: 84 18. Table 2.13: Age Range married people Castlegate Page: 86 6 Chapter 3: 19. Table 3.1: Types of Crimes Recorded in the Huddersfield Examiner Page: 99 20 Table 3.2: Altercations with the Police Page: 103 21. Table 3.3: Types and Numbers of Crimes by Irish in Huddersfield Page: 104 22. Table 3.4: Incidents of People sent to Prison Page: 106 23. Table 3.5: Drink Related Crimes Page: 108 24. Table 3.6: Women‟s Involvement in Crime Page: 111 Chapter 4: 25. Table 4.1: Types of other jobs held by the Irish Page: 311 26. Table 4.2: Types of Hawkers Page: 128 27. Table 4.3: Boulder‟s Yard Page: 314 28. Table 4.4: List of Irish Vagrants in Huddersfield Page: 134 29. Table 4.5: Number of Wool Combers in Bradford Page: 137 30. Table 4.6: Number and types of jobs held by Irish Page: 146 31. Table 4.7: Occupations in Lower Head Row, Makin‟s Yard Page: 316 32. Table 4.8: No. & types of jobs held in Town Centre North Page: 148 33. Table 4.9: No. & types of jobs held in Town Centre South-West Page: 150 34. Table 4.10: No. & types of jobs held in Lindley, Kirkburton Page: 152 35. Table 4.11: Occupations of families in Linthwaite Page: 318 36. Table 4.12: Types of jobs held in Greenhead, Springwood Page: 154 37. Table 4.13: Types of jobs in Longroyd, Lockwood & Lepton Page: 157 Chapter 5: 38. Table 5.1: Contributions by Congregation of St. Patrick‟s to Infirmary Page: 172 39. Table 5.2: Comparison Huddersfield‟s Parish Statistics Page: 181 40. Table 5.3: Extracts from St. Patrick‟s Baptism Records Page: 182 41. Table 5.4: Cross-matches made with Parish Records & Census Page: 319 42. Table 5.5: Ratio of Baptism & Nationality of children baptised Page: 184 7 Chapter 6: 43. Table 6.1: Where the Irish lived in the Town Centre Page: 321 44. Table 6.2: Return Deaths from Cholera & Diarrhoea Page: 222 45. Table 6.3: For the addition of new and Existing Lamps Page: 228 46. Table 6.4: Evidence of Irish living in certain streets Page: 245 47. Table 6.5: Types of Tenants found in Jowitt Square Page: 249 48. Table 6.6: Types of Tenants found in Manchester Street Page: 250 49. Table 6.7: Tenants found in Rosemary Lane Page: 250 50. Table 6.8: Lodgers in Post Office Yard Page: 326 8 Introduction and Overview: Britain has always been a popular place for the Irish to emigrate to as it offered opportunities of work and wages that were not available at home.