Provincial Water Supply and Sanitation Project (RRP CAM 48158) TA 8982-CAM Provincial Water Supply and Sanitation Project Poverty, Social Impact and Gender Analysis Draft: February 2017 CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................ 1 A. The Project .................................................................................................................. 1 II. CAMBODIAN POVERTY SITUATION ................................................................................ 2 A. Defining Poverty and Identifying the Poor .................................................................... 2 B. Poverty in Project Provinces ........................................................................................ 7 C. Gender and Poverty ..................................................................................................... 7 1. Women’s Time Poverty ....................................................................................... 9 III. WATSAN AS A NATIONAL PRIORITY ............................................................................... 9 A. WATSAN Institutions ................................................................................................... 9 1. Gender and WATSAN Institutions ....................................................................... 9 B. Water Supply Connection Policies for the Poor ...........................................................10 1. Phnom Penh Water Supply Authority .................................................................10 2. Provincial Water Supply Agencies ......................................................................11 IV. GENDER, WATER SUPPLY, AND SANITATION ..............................................................12 A. Practical Level ............................................................................................................12 B. Strategic Level ............................................................................................................13 V. WATER SANITATION AND HIV/AIDS ...............................................................................17 VI. POSSIBLE NEGATIVE PROJECT IMPACTS ....................................................................18 VII. INDIGENOUS PEOPLE AND ETHNIC MINORITIES .........................................................18 VIII. THE PROJECT ..................................................................................................................20 A. Proposed Project Beneficiaries ...................................................................................20 IX. SOCIO ECONOMIC SURVEY ...........................................................................................21 A. Indigenous and Ethnic Minority People in Project Area ...............................................22 B. Water Supply Subproject ............................................................................................23 1. Water Supply Survey Areas ...............................................................................23 2. Age Distribution ..................................................................................................24 3. Adult Literacy, Education and School Attendance ..............................................24 4. Occupation of Household Head ..........................................................................25 5. Household Incomes ............................................................................................26 6. Water Sources ...................................................................................................26 7. Water Collection, Treatment, Storage.................................................................27 8. Current Sanitation Systems ................................................................................29 9. Health and Hygiene ............................................................................................29 10. Willingness to Pay ..............................................................................................30 C. Women’s Focal Groups - Water Supply (WFG WS) ....................................................31 X. WASTE WATER SUBPROJECT .......................................................................................37 1. Waste Water Survey Areas ................................................................................38 2. House Ownership ...............................................................................................38 3. Age Distribution ..................................................................................................38 4. Literacy and Education .......................................................................................39 5. Occupation of Head of Household ......................................................................40 6. Household Incomes ............................................................................................41 7. Current Water Source ........................................................................................41 i 8. Current Toilet Facilities .......................................................................................42 9. Septic Tanks ......................................................................................................43 10. Domestic waste Water Disposal .........................................................................44 11. Toilet Construction .............................................................................................44 12. Hygiene ..............................................................................................................45 13. Water Borne Illness ............................................................................................45 14. WATSAN Information .........................................................................................46 B. Women’s Focal Groups - Waste Water Villages (WFG WW) ......................................46 XI. SIEM REAP – SEWAGE INTERCEPTOR PIPELINE .........................................................54 XII. BENEFICIARY PERCEPTION OF PROJECT IMPACTS AND BENEFITS ........................58 XIII. PWSSP CONNECTION POLICY RECOMMENDATION ....................................................59 XIV. GENDER ACTION PLAN ISSUES .....................................................................................59 A. Practical Needs ...........................................................................................................60 B. Strategic Needs ..........................................................................................................62 XV. PWSSP GENDER ACTION PLAN .....................................................................................62 APPENDICES APPENDIX 1: Demographics of Target Areas (2015) ................................................................66 APPENDIX 2: Maps of Existing and Extended Service Areas ...................................................70 APPENDIX 3: Survey Locations and Number of Households Interviewed .................................76 APPENDIX 4: PPWSA Poor HH Subsidy Score Card ...............................................................78 TABLES Table 1: ID Poor HHs in Provinces ............................................................................................. 6 Table 2: Comparison of Poverty Rates ....................................................................................... 6 Table 3: General Provincial Poverty Rates ................................................................................. 7 Table 4: EA Gender Staff Mix ....................................................................................................10 Table 5: PPWSA Pro Poor Subsidies ........................................................................................11 Table 6: Project Beneficiaries ....................................................................................................20 Table 7: Poor and Female Head HHs .......................................................................................22 Table 8: Water Supply Villages .................................................................................................23 Table 9: Kampong Cham Water Supply Sampling Details .........................................................23 Table 10: Battambang Water Supply Sampling Details .............................................................24 Table 11: Village Age Distribution .............................................................................................24 Table 12: Combined HH Income ...............................................................................................26 Table 13: Main Sources of HH Water ........................................................................................26 Table 14: Treating Drinking Water Before Consumption ...........................................................28 Table 15: Type of Water Treatment ...........................................................................................28 Table 16: HHs Storing Water for Dry Season Use .....................................................................28 Table 17: HHs Cover the Storage Vessel ..................................................................................28 Table 18: Current Sanitation Facility in Water Supply Villages ..................................................29 Table 19: